El igciwane le-chlorosis le-citrus yellow vein (CYVCV) Isizinze ngokuqinile ohlwini lwezinto ezizokwenziwa emaphandleni aseMedithera, ikakhulukazi eMphakathini waseValencian kanye naseSifundeni saseMurcia. Izinqumo zakamuva nezixwayiso ezivela ezinhlanganweni zezolimo zidweba isithombe esibucayi somkhakha wezithelo zomvini, kanye ulamula Isihlahla phakathi kokunaka kanye nokukhathazeka okukhulayo mayelana nomthelela wezomnotho ongaba nawo lesi sifo.
Kunokuba yinkinga eyodwa, i-CYVCV manje isibhekwa njengenkinga Izinambuzane ezisafufusa ziqashwe ngokucophelela eYurophuIfakiwe ohlwini lwezixwayiso ze-European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO). Nakuba ingakafakwa ohlwini lwezinambuzane ezizohlukaniswa ngokwehlukana emithethweni ye-EU, izifunda ezithintekile eSpain zikhethe ukusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuqeda nokulawula eziqinile ukuzama ukukuvimba ngesikhathi.
Iyini igciwane le-yellow nerve chlorosis futhi kungani libangela ukukhathazeka okungaka?
Lowo owaziwa ngokuthi igciwane le-chlorosis le-citrus yellow veinI-Potexvirus citriflavivenae (CYVCV), eyaziwa ngokwesayensi ngokuthi i-Potexvirus, iyigciwane lohlobo lwe-Potexvirus elithinta izinhlobo eziningi ze-citrus. Yaqala ukuchazwa ku- IPakistan ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80 Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukwanda kwayo kuye kwaba yinto eqhubekayo, kuqala emazweni ahlukahlukene e-Asia, kwabe sekuya e-United States, futhi muva nje, ezindaweni ezitshala i-citrus zaseMedithera.
Ukubaluleka kwayo kuphezu kwakho konke kulokho Akukho ukwelashwa okungelaphekiIzihlahla ezithelelekile zihlala zinesifo impilo yazo yonke futhi ziba imithombo ehlala njalo ye-inoculumEzihlahleni zikalamula kanye nekalamu, kungabangela ukwehla okukhulu ekukhiqizweni, ukulahlekelwa kwekhwalithi yezithelo zokuhweba, kanye, ezigabeni ezithuthukile, ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile bomuthi obungagcina bubeke engcupheni impilo yawo.
Izimpawu eziphawuleka kakhulu yilezi i-chlorosis yemithambo yegazi (ukuphuzi okukhulu kwemithambo emaqabunga), amabala ayindilinga, ukuguquka kwamaqabunga, kanye nezigaba ezithuthukile, i-necrosis kanye nokuguquguquka kwesithelo ngokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi kanye nenani lemakethe. Kodwa-ke, ku izihlahla eziwolintshiama-mandarins nama-clementine Lesi sifo singabonakala: lezi zinhlobo zingasebenza njenge izindawo zokugcina ezingenazimpawuokwenza kube nzima ukuthola nokulawula.
Esinye isizathu sokukhathazeka ukuthi isakazeka kalula. I-CYVCV idluliselwa yi- amathuluzi okuxhunyelelwa kanye nokuthena angcolilekodwa futhi ngokusebenzisa izinambuzane ezivamile ku-citrus, njengezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-aphid kanye Impukane emhlophe (I-Dialeurodes citri)Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwemizila yokudlulisela kusho ukuthi, ngaphandle kokuqapha okujulile kanye nezinyathelo ezisheshayo, ubhubhane lungasakazeka kalula phakathi kwezindawo nezifunda.
Isimo Emphakathini WaseValencian: ukwanda kokuqubuka kwezifo kanye nesimemezelo esisemthethweni
Emphakathini waseValencian, leli gciwane selidlule ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje kusukela ekubeni yinto esolwayo endaweni ethile laya ekubeni yinto exakile. izinambuzane eziqashelwa ngokusemthethweniUMnyango Wezolimo, Amanzi, Imfuyo kanye Nezokudoba ushicilele izinqumo eziningana ku-Official Gazette kaHulumeni waseValencia ezimemezela ukuba khona I-Potexvirus citriflavivenae futhi ichaza ukulwa nalesi sifo njengento ewusizo emphakathini.
Ukusampula okwenziwe phakathi kokuphela kuka-2025 nasekuqaleni kuka-2026 ngo- amasimu avuthiwe, amapaki kanye nezingadi Lokhu kuhlolwa kuqinisekisile amacala aqinisekisiwe okungenani ezifundeni ezintathu zesifundazwe saseCastellón kanye nezinye ezintathu eValencia. Sekukonke, imithombo ehlukahlukene ngaphakathi komkhakha ilinganisela ukuthi inani lizodlula. Ukutholwa okungu-40 endaweni ezizimele, kanye nokwanda okukhethekile ezindaweni ezikhula i-citrus zaseCastellón njengeVinaròs, Benicarló, Peñíscola, Sant Jordi noma i-l'Alcora, lapho kuye kwabikwa khona ukwanda okukhulu kwamacala.
UMnyango uxwayise ngokuthi, yize izihlahla zamawolintshi, izihlahla zama-mandarin kanye nama-clementine Okwamanje azibonisi izimpawu ezibonakalayo zesifo, kodwa zingasebenza njengezindawo zokugcina igciwane. Ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kugxile esihlahleni sikalamula, ngenxa yesisindo sayo sezomnotho eMphakathini kanye nomonakalo oqondile i-CYVCV engayibangela ekukhiqizeni nasekhwalithini.
Okwamanje, uHulumeni uveza ukuthi, njengamanje, igciwane alichazwa njenge- izinambuzane ezivalelwa zodwa yi-European UnionKodwa-ke, ukufakwa kwayo ohlwini lwezixwayiso ze-EPPO kanye nokuba khona kwama-vector ogwini lwaseMedithera kuholele i-Generalitat ukuthi iqalise ukusebenzisa uhlaka lwesenzo sokuvimbela nokuqeda eqinile, incike kuMthetho kanye noMthethonqubo Wezempilo Yezitshalo Kahulumeni (i-EU) 2016/2031.
Izinyathelo eziphoqelekile: ukususwa kwesihlahla, ukulawulwa kwe-vector, kanye nemikhawulo yokuhamba
Ukumenyezelwa okusemthethweni kwegciwane emphakathini waseValencian kuhilela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo izinyathelo zokuhlanzeka kwezitshalo ezidingekayo kubalimi, ezindaweni zokukhulisa izitshalo, kanye nabasebenzi abangochwepheshe. Umgomo ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwe-CYVCV nokukuvimbela ukuthi ingafinyeleli ezindaweni eziyinhloko ezikhiqiza ulamula, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni sase-Alicante.
Okokuqala, akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele ukunyakaza, ukumaketha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zezitshalo ezithelelekile noma okusolwayokanye nokukhiqizwa kwazo, ukusabalala, noma ukugcinwa kwazo ngaphakathi kwendawo ezimele. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kuthinta kokubili izithombo kanye nanoma yiziphi izinto zokusabalala ze-citrus, futhi kudinga ukulandelelwa okuqinile ngokusebenzisa ipasipoti yokutshala kanye namarekhodi ayimpoqo okungenani iminyaka emithathu.
Ezindaweni ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile, njengezifunda zase- UBaix Vinalopó kanye neVega Baja (Alicante), lapho isu lokushaqeka likhethiwe, imithethonqubo isungula ukususwa okuphoqelekile kwazo zonke izitshalo ezisingethe ezigabeni ezithi zithelelekile. Ngaphambi kokusiphula, okungenani ukwelashwa okubili okugunyaziwe kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngokumelene nezilokazane kumele kwenziwe, okwesibili kube ngaphambi nje kokususwa kwezihlahla.
Ukusiphula nokubhubhisa izihlahla kumele kwenziwe endaweni, ngaphansi kokuqashwa okusemthethweni futhi kungakapheli isikhathi esiphezulu sezinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu kusukela isaziso sikhishwe, okuhlanganisa nokuhlanza ngokuphelele amathuluzi okusika nanoma yimiphi imishini engasiza ekusabalaliseni igciwane.
Kwezinye izindawo zaseValencian, lapho izindawo zokuqothula zingakapheli khona, le ndlela iyindlela yokuvimbela: ukuqapha emasimini, ezindaweni zokukhulisa izingane, emapaki nasezingadiniKuyenqatshwa ukuncishiswa kwenani lezinambuzane ezithwala izinambuzane ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, futhi kugcizelelwa isibopho sokubulala amagciwane amathuluzi okuthena njengesinyathelo esiyisisekelo sokuphepha kwezitshalo.
Umthelela wezomnotho kanye nezidingo zosizo emaphandleni aseValencia
Izinyathelo zokuqeda, ikakhulukazi ukususwa kwesihlahla okuphoqelekileLezi zinyathelo zinemiphumela eqondile emnothweni wamapulazi. I-Unió Llauradora (iNyunyana Yabalimi) igxile ngqo kuleli phuzu futhi icele uMnyango Wezolimo ukuthi... ukudalwa komugqa othize nophuthumayo wosizo abalimi abaphoqelekile ukubhubhisa amasimu abo ezithelo zomuncu.
Inhlangano yezolimo igcizelela ukuthi ukususwa kweziza akusho nje kuphela ukuthi ukulahlekelwa okusheshayo kwesivunokodwa futhi nokunyamalala kokutshalwa kwezimali okwenziwe eminyakeni edlule kanye isikhathi eside sokungakhiqizi kuze kube yilapho izihlahla ezintsha ziqala ukukhiqizwa. Lokhu kungaphezu kwezindleko zokusiphula, ukuthutha, nokulahla izinto zesitshalo, kanye nezindleko zokutshala kabusha, okuhlanganisa nokuthenga izithombo kanye nomsebenzi ohambisana nazo.
Ngakho-ke, iLa Unió ifuna uhlelo lwesinxephezelo oluhlanganisa ngokuphelele izici eziningana: inani lesitshalo esibhujisiweUkulahlekelwa yimali engenayo phakathi nesikhathi ngaphandle kokukhiqiza, usizo lokutshala kabusha, kanye nokumbozwa kwemisebenzi yokusiphula nokususa lapho lokhu kungathathwanga ngqo yiHulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudinga ukuthi lolu sizo lucutshungulwe ngokushesha nangokuphelele. izinqubo zokuphatha ezilula, uma kucatshangelwa ukushesha kwezibopho ezibekiwe kanye nomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho kulabo abathintekile.
Le nhlangano ikholelwa ukuthi isinqumo se-Generalitat kuhambisana nesidingo sokunqanda ubhubhane oluvelayoKodwa-ke, baveza ukuthi akunangqondo ngezindleko zesenzo ezinqunywe yi- izintshisekelo zomphakathi jikelele wonke umthwalo kufanele ube phezu kwabakhiqizi, ikakhulukazi uma umlimi engenawo umthwalo wokufaka igciwane. Ngokombono wakhe, ukubeka wonke umthwalo wezomnotho emapulazini kungabeka engcupheni ngisho ukubambisana okudingekayo okuvela kulo mkhakha ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo izindlela zokuhlanzeka kwezitshalo.
Inyunyana iphinde icele ukuqinisa ucwaningo ngamaphethini nezinhlobo ezibekezelelayongokunaka kakhulu umuthi kalamula, futhi kugqamisa indima yezikhungo zokubhekisela ezifana ne-IVIA, zifuna ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali empilweni yezitshalo kungancishiswa esimweni lapho izinsongo ezintsha zokuhlanzeka kwezitshalo Kubonakala sengathi ziya ziba zimbi kakhulu.
I-ASAJA Alicante: ukugxekwa kwezilawuli ezindaweni zokukhulisa izingane kanye nesidingo sokuba nesibopho
Nakuba emphakathini waseValencian jikelele kugxilwe ezindleleni ezisemthethweni kanye nesinxephezelo, e-Alicante izinhlangano zezolimo zigcizelele ukuthi umsuka wenkinga kanye nokwehluleka kokulawulaI-ASAJA Alicante ixwayise ngokutholakala kwegciwane le-chlorosis ye-yellow nerve e-US amasimu amaningana amancane esifundazweniokungenani izindawo eziyisikhombisa ezithintekile, futhi ubheka ukuthi lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwalesi sifo endaweni yaseValencian.
Ngokusho kwenhlangano, igciwane liyakwazi ukuthinta izinhlobo eziningi nezinhlobo zezithelo zikalamulaKodwa-ke, izimpawu ezisobala kakhulu zenzeka ezihlahleni zikalamula. Kwezinye izinhlobo, igciwane lingaba khona ngaphandle kokuzibonakalisa ngokucacile, okwenza kube nzima ukubona ngamehlo futhi kwandisa ingozi yokuthi izinto ezithelelekile zishiye izindawo zokukhulisa izitshalo zingatholakali.
Unobhala wezobuchwepheshe we-ASAJA Alicante, uRamón Espinosa, ugcizelele kakhulu ekuvezeni ukuthi banayo izithombo ezithengiswayo ngo-2024 nango-2025 abase bevele bethelelekile futhi asebesebenze njengabathwali baleli gciwane. Ngokombono wabo, kuyinto ukwehluleka okukhulu kwezinhlelo zokulawula nokuqapha kwezinto zesitshalo, isimo esikhumbuza iziqephu zakamuva njengokufika kwe ukuhamba evela eNingizimu Afrika.
Le nhlangano igcizelela ukuthi uhlelo seluphinde lwasabela. sekwephuzile futhi ngaphandle kokuvimbela okwanelefuthi idinga ukuhlolwa okusheshayo, okuqinile, nokuqondile kwezindawo zokukhulisa izitshalo nezindawo zokukhiqiza izitshalo. Bakholelwa ukuthi usongo lungase lube okuqukethwe kwasekuqaleni Bathi ukube bekusetshenziswe izilawuli ezifanele, futhi bacela ukuthi kube nokuziphendulela ekuphathweni kanye nochungechunge lokuhlinzeka.
Ngaphandle kokugxekwa, i-ASAJA Alicante ifuna ukuxhumanisa phakathi kwemiphakathi ezimele kanye noMnyango Wezolimonjengoba esho, izithombo ezivela kwezinye izifunda ezifana neCatalonia sezifikile izindawo ezahlukene zokutshala i-citrus ezweniKuleyo nhlangano, akuphathelene nokudala ukwethuka, kodwa mayelana nokufuna ukulindela, ukushesha, kanye nokuqiniseka ngokomthetho, kanye nokuvimbela ukuthi, futhi, kube yi- umlimi othwala imiphumela ukwehluleka kohlelo lokulawula.
Amacala okuqala eSifundeni saseMurcia kanye necebo lokulawula
Ngenkathi uMphakathi waseValencian uqhubeka nohlelo lokuqeda kanye nokuqinisa ukuqapha, Isifunda saseMurcia iqinisekisile ukutholakala kwe amacala okuqala e-chlorosis ye-yellow nerve endaweni yayo. UMnyango Wezolimo ubike ukuthi, okwamanje, umthelela uphansi futhi amacala atholakale izitshalo ezintathu ezithintekile, esivele sitholakala, eSifundeni saseMpumalanga, emngceleni wesifundazwe sase-Alicante.
Iziphathimandla eMurcia zigcizelela ukuthi isimo Akuyona isibuyekezo okwamanje.Kodwa-ke, bayavuma ukuthi kukhona ukukhathazeka okufanayo, futhi okuvame ukugxeka, phakathi kwabalimi nezinhlangano zezolimo. Umqondo uwukufunda kulokho okwenzekile eMphakathini waseValencian kanye isenzo kusukela ngomzuzu wokuqala ukugwema isimo sokwanda okungalawuleki.
Ukuphathwa kwesifunda kusebenze izinqubo zomthetho ukuqapha okujulile kanye nokubambisana nomkhakhaAbalimi be-citrus bacelwa ukuthi babike noma yiziphi izimpawu ezisolwayo ezihambisana negciwane, futhi umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ngesisombululo esizosungula ukuvalwa okuphoqelekile kwezitshalo ezithintekile, ngokwengxenye kuphinda isu laseValencia lokuqeda ukuqubuka kusenesikhathi.
Kusukela emkhakheni wezolimo, labo abaphethe izinhlangano ezifana ne-UPA Murcia bakholelwa ukuthi, okwamanje, azikho ingozi enkulu yokuthelelana Ngoba amacala atholakele agxile emasimini amancane, okulula ukuwalawula. Noma kunjalo, baxwayisa ngokuthi kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha: uma izitshalo ezithelelekile zisuswa ngokushesha, Uma amathuba okulawula ubhubhane emakhulu, kuba ngcono. ngaphandle kokuthi isungulwe endaweni.
Esifundeni saseMurcia, kuphakama ukungabaza mayelana imvelaphi yegciwaneLokhu kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kungeniswe izinto zezitshalo ezivela ezindaweni zokukhulisa izitshalo zangaphandle. Lezi zinkomba ziqinisa isidingo esivele sisabalele esifundeni saseMedithera salokhu. ukulawulwa okuqinile ekukhiqizweni nasekuthengisweni kwezithombokanye nokuxhumana okukhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi kanye nohulumeni ophakathi.
Izimpawu, umonakalo kanye nezincomo zomlimi
Kwabalimi bezithelo ze-citrus, ukuqaphela izimpawu zokuqala igciwane le-chlorosis yemizwa ephuzi Lokhu kuyisihluthulelo sokukwazi ukudlulisa izinsolo kusenesikhathi nokunciphisa ingozi yokusabalala. Ezihlahleni zikalamula, lapho umthelela ubonakala khona kakhulu, amaqabunga abonisa ukuphuzi okubonakalayo kwemithambo yegazi, ngokuvamile ngamaphethini endandatho noma ukuguquguquka, kuyilapho ingxenye esele yelungu ingase igcine ithoni eluhlaza.
Njengoba ukutheleleka kuqhubeka, okulandelayo kungabonakala: ukuguquguquka kwamaqabungaamabala abangela ukusha kanye nokulahlekelwa amandla okuvamile esihlahleni. Esithelweni, igciwane lingabangela ukwehla kwekhwalithi, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi yezentengiselwanoLokhu kusho ukwehla kwenzuzo yesitshalo. Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi umkhiqizo ungase wehle phakathi kuka-20% no-40% ezindaweni ezithinteke kakhulu, yize izibalo zingase zihluke kuye ngezimo kanye nemikhuba yokuphatha.
Kwezinye izinhlobo zezithelo ezisawolintshi, njengamawolintshi noma ama-mandarin, ukutheleleka kungase kungabonakali kakhulu noma kungabonakali ngisho ukungabonakali izimpawu ezibonakalayoNgakho-ke, lezi zinhlobo zingaba izindawo zokugcina ezithule zegciwane. Lesi simo sidinga ukuqinisa izilawuli zokuhlaziya kanye nokulandelelwa kwezinto zezitshalo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokukhulisa izitshalo kanye nasemasimini amancane.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, abaphathi bezolimo nezinhlangano bayavumelana ngezincomo eziningana ezisebenzayo: ukusetshenziswa izinto zezitshalo eziqinisekisiwe nezingenawo amagciwaneHlanza amathuluzi okuthena nokusika ngendlela ehlelekile, lawula ukwanda kwezinambuzane usebenzisa ukwelashwa okugunyaziwe, futhi ugcine Ukuqapha okubonakalayo ngezikhathi ezithile yezindaba ukuze kutholakale noma yikuphi ukungalingani.
Ngokufanayo, kugcizelelwa ukubaluleka kokuthi Bika noma yikuphi ukusola ngokushesha. ezinsizeni zezempilo zezitshalo ezisemthethweni, ukugwema noma yikuphi ukunyakaza okungagunyaziwe kwezitshalo ezingase zithinteke. Lokhu kubambisana kwasekuqaleni kungabaluleka kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinyathelo zokuqeda kanye nokuvimbela igciwane ukuthi lingahlali ezindaweni eziyinhloko ezitshala i-citrus zaseMedithera esikhathini esimaphakathi.
Ukusabalala kwegciwane le-yellow nerve chlorosis esifundeni saseMedithera saseSpain kuyavivinywa amandla okuphendula kohlelo lwezempilo yezitshaloUkuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nokuqina komkhakha wezithelo ezisawolintshi osuvele ubhekene nezindleko ezikhuphukayo, ukuncintisana kwamanye amazwe, kanye nezinambuzane ezisafufusa ezilandelanayo. ukuqapha okujulileUkulawulwa okuqinile ezindaweni zokukhulisa izingane, ukwesekwa ngezimali kwamapulazi athintekile, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni kuzobaluleka kakhulu ukuvimbela lesi sifo ukuthi singabi yinkinga yesakhiwo salesi sifo. ulamula nezinye izithelo ze-citrus eSpain.
