El Ihlathi laseMedithera Ingenye yezinhlelo zemvelo ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi eziyingqayizivele emhlabeni, ezimele inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yesimo sezulu, indawo, umlando, kanye nezici zebhayoloji. Lolu hlobo lwehlathi, olugcwele ukuqhathanisa nokuvumelana nezimo, luvelele kulo izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindlela zabo eziyingqayizivele zokusinda lapho bebhekene nezimo zemvelo ezinzima. Njengoba libhekwa njengengcebo yangempela yemvelo namasiko, ihlathi laseMedithera lakha inhliziyo eluhlaza yesifunda saseMedithera kanye nezinye izigodi ezinhlanu ezisabalele emazwenikazi ahlukene.
Umongo kanye nemvelaphi yehlathi laseMedithera
Umlando we Ihlathi laseMedithera Isuka kudala. Imvelaphi yayo ixhunywe ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwesifunda saseMedithera kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu zesimo sezulu ezenzeke eminyakeni eyinkulungwane. I-Tethys Sea kanye nenkathi yokugcina yeqhwa kwakuyizimo ezibalulekile ezazivumela ukuvela kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhethekile ezikwazi ukwenza amakoloni ezindaweni ihlobo elomile, ubusika obupholile kanye nemvula egxile ezinkathini ezithile zonyaka.
Ezingeni le-biogeographic, isifunda saseMedithera sihlanganisa indawo enkulu ezungeze uLwandle LwaseMedithera, okuhlanganisa iningi leNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia kanye nezindawo eziseningizimu yeYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika, naseMpumalanga Eseduze. Kodwa-ke, isimo sezulu saseMedithera sitholakala ezindaweni ezikude njengasogwini lwaseCalifornia, enkabeni yeChile, esifundeni saseKapa eNingizimu Afrika naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia. Zonke lezi zindawo zabelana ngezitshalo nezilwane ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okufanayo, nakuba kunezinhlobo ezihlala njalo esimweni ngasinye.
E-Peninsula yase-Iberia, i- amahlathi aseMedithera Zihlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphansi kanye nezintaba ezimaphakathi. Ezinye zezinhlobo eziyizifanekiselo kakhulu zavela lapha, njenge-holm oak (I-Quercus ilex), i-oki kakhokho (I-Quercus suber) noma isihlahla somnqumo sasendle (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), eziye zasinda ngenxa yokumelana kwazo okumangalisayo nokuguquguquka lapho zibhekene nezici ezidlulele zale biome.
Izici eziyinhloko zehlathi laseMedithera
- Isimo sezulu saseMedithera: ihlobo elishisayo kakhulu, elomile, nelide, ubusika obupholile, nemvula ena kakhulu ekwindla nasentwasahlobo. Isikhathi sonyaka kanye nokushoda kwamanzi ehlobo kuphawula isigqi esibalulekile sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo lapha.
- Izimila zivumelane nesomiso: izitshalo ezinokhuni, i-sclerophyllous zigcwele, ezinamacembe ahlala eluhlaza noma ama-marcescent, anamaqabunga amancane, aqinile nasikhumba, ambozwe ama-wax noma izinwele. nciphisa umjuluko.
- Ukuzivumelanisa nomlilo: Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zinezindlela zokumelana noma zisebenzise ithuba lokusha kwehlathi njalo, njengamagxolo aminyene, imbewu eqhuma ngemva kokudlula komlilo, noma ukukhula kabusha ngokushesha esisekelweni.
- Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-endemism: Nakuba kuyizinto eziphilayo ezikhiqiza kancane nomhlabathi ompofu uma kuqhathaniswa, ziyikhaya lenani elingavamile lezitshalo nezilwane, eziningi zazo. ubudlova noma ezifundeni ezithile kuphela.
- Umhlabathi ozacile nokuba sengoziniInhlabathi yaseMedithera ivamise ukushona phansi futhi ibe namatshe, okwenza ibe lula kakhulu ukuguguleka nokuba ugwadule uma ukumboza kwezitshalo kulahleka.
- Ukusebenzelana okuqinile nabantuIzinkulungwane zeminyaka yokuba khona kwabantu kuye kwalolongela la mahlathi, okwenza kube nezimo eziyingqayizivele zamasiko njengezimfunda, izizinda zomnqumo, izilimo, nezithombe ezihlotshiswe ngokhuhlane, amahlathi nezikhotha.
Ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke kwehlathi laseMedithera
- I-Mediterranean Sea Basin: ihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yeningizimu yeYurophu, enyakatho ye-Afrika, nasezindaweni ezisondelene ne-Asia. Yindawo enkulu kunazo zonke futhi emele kakhulu yalolu hlobo lwehlathi.
- California: ihlanganisa izingxenye zogu olumaphakathi noluseningizimu, yakha i-chaparral yaseCalifornia edumile.
- I-Central Chile: Ibonakala ngokubukeka kwayo kwamahlathi anameva nama-sclerophyll, ajwayelene ngokulinganayo nesomiso.
- INingizimu-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu AfrikaIsifunda saseKapa siyikhaya le-fynbos, i-ecosystem eqhathaniswa ne-Mediterranean kodwa enezitshalo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu.
- INingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia: kuhlanganisa ihlathi kanye nezihlahla ezikhukhulayo endaweni yasePerth, ezinezihlahla nezihlahla eziguquguqukayo.
Lezi zindawo, naphezu kwebanga phakathi kwazo, zithuthukise imiphakathi ye-biological and amasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo efana kakhulu, into eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlangana kwemvelo.
Isimo sezulu ehlathini laseMedithera: isihluthulelo sokuhluka kwalo
El Isimo sezulu saseMedithera Yisici esiyinhloko esenza le biome. Izici zayo eziphawuleka kakhulu yilezi:
- Ihlobo elide, elishisayo, elomile: Imvula incane kakhulu phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele, okubeka inselele enkulu ekusindeni kwezitshalo.
- Ubusika obupholile futhi obumanzi: Amazinga okushisa awavamile ukwehla ngaphansi kuka-5°C endaweni enkulu yezwe, futhi lesi isikhathi sonyaka lapho izimvula zigcwala khona.
- Izimvula zonyaka: Ngokuvamile, isilinganiso sonyaka sisukela phakathi kuka-300 no-800 mm wemvula, nakuba kwezinye izindawo ingaba phezulu noma ngaphansi.
- Isomiso sasehlobo:Ukushoda kwamanzi ehlobo kuphoqa izitshalo ukuthi zehlise umsebenzi wazo we-metabolic futhi zisebenzise izindlela zokumelana, njengokuvala i-stomata yazo emini.
Ukuzijwayeza kwe-morphological and physiological of the flora yaseMedithera
Ukusinda kuyo kuphawulwa yi- ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshaloEzinye zezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu yilezi:
- Amaqabunga ahlala eluhlaza, aqinile, amancane (sclerophyllous), njengalawo e-holm oak, e-cork oak, noma esihlahla somnqumo sasendle, anciphisa ukuhwamuka kwamanzi.
- Ukuba khona kwama-waxy cuticles nezinwele (toments) ukuvikela iqabunga ekulahlekelweni kwamanzi kanye nemisebe yelanga.
- Izimpande ezijulile nezibanzi ezivumela ukuthunjwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
- Amafomu amise okwe-globular noma e-cushion ezihlahleni, avikela iziqu nezimpande ekushiseni nasemoyeni.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezinamafutha, ama-resin, nama-aromatics, angaxoshi izilwane ezidla uhlaza kuphela kodwa futhi abambe iqhaza ekuvikelweni ekuqothulweni.
- Ikhono lokukhula kabusha ngemva komlilo noma ukukhiqiza imbewu eqhuma ngemva komlilo, njengoba kwenzeka kumaphayini amaningi, ama-rockrose kanye nama-heather.
I-Flora yehlathi laseMedithera: izinhlobo zezimpawu kanye nomsebenzi wazo wemvelo
Izimila zehlathi laseMedithera zihlukene futhi zinezigaba. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimele kakhulu yilezi:
- Izihlahla ezivelele: i-holm oak, i-oki kakhokho, i-oki yasePyrenean, i-gall oak, i-stone pine kanye ne-Aleppo pine.
- Izihlahla zesici: i-mastic, isihlahla sama-strawberry, i-lamiérnago, i-cornicabra, i-rockrose, i-heather, i-sarsaparilla kanye ne-labiates efana ne-rosemary ne-thyme.
- I-Liana nezitshalo ezikhuphukayo: i-sarsaparilla nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-clematis, ezifaka isandla ekubambeni kwe-strata ephansi.
- Izitshalo ze-Herbaceous kanye ne-bulbous: zigcwele izindawo ezihlanzekile nasemaphethelweni, zinikeza ukunotha okukhulu kwezitshalo kanye nesiphephelo sezilwane zendawo.
I-Las ukuzivumelanisa ugwadule nemililo ibonakala ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezifana nalezi:
- I-rockrose enamathelayo, emboza imbewu yayo ngento ekhipha inhlaka ethanda ukusakazeka kwayo ngemva komlilo.
- I-oki kakhokho, igxolo layo (ukhokho) lisebenza njengesihlangu emalangabi futhi livimbela ukulimala esiqwini.
- I-palmetto, enamaqabunga amise okwefeni anciphisa ukukhanya kwelanga ngokuthatha ukuma kwama-zigzag.
- Iphayini nemijunipha, imbewu yayo idinga umlilo noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kuvuleke ama-cones futhi ivumele izitshalo ezintsha ukuba zikhule.
Ezifundeni ezimanzi, ama-oki, izihlahla ze-holly nezinye izihlahla ezinamahlamvu abanzi nazo ziyavela, zandisa izinhlobonhlobo zesakhiwo kanye nemvelo yehlathi.
Izilwane zasehlathini laseMedithera: ukuceba kanye namasu okusinda
Izilwane ze-biome nazo zihlukile. Le biome iyikhaya lezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, eziningi zazo ezihlukile noma ezihlala zikhona, futhi zibonisa ukuguquguquka okuphawulekayo ukuze kuphile ukuntuleka kwamanzi namazinga okushisa aphezulu.
- Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane: amagundane, ama-hedgehogs, onogwaja, onogwaja, ama-squirrels nama-shrews.
- Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu: izingulube zasendle, izinyamazane izinyamazane, izinyamazane, izimbuzi zasezintabeni kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye ezifana ne-Iberian lynx, izimpungushe nezimpisi.
- Aves: ukuhlukahluka okukhulu, kusukela ezinyonini ezidla inyama (izinkozi, amakhayithi, izikhova) kuya kwabadlulayo njengejay, i-crossbill, i-blue tit noma i-nightjar.
- Izilwane ezihuquzelayo y anfibios: izibankwa, izigcilikisha, amabululu, izinyoka, amaselesele namaxoxo ajwayele ukujwayela amachibi esikhashana.
- Izinambuzane nama-arthropods: Bakha isisekelo sewebhu yokudla, eneqhaza elikhulu ekudluliseleni impova, ekuhlakazweni kwembewu nasekugayweni kabusha kwezinto eziphilayo.
Phakathi kwe ukuzivumelanisa nezilwane Okuphawuleka kakhulu ukulinganisa (ukuphelelwa amandla kwehlobo), umsebenzi wasebusuku ukuze kugwenywe ukushisa, nokufuduka kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele. Izilwane eziningi ezidla inyama nezinyoni ezidla inyama ziyasinda ngenxa yobuningi bezilwane ezincane ezidla uhlaza kanye nokuhlanzeka kwehlathi, okwenza kube lula ukuzingela.
Izinhlobo zezitshalo nezindawo ngaphakathi kwehlathi laseMedithera
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nangaphansi kwethonya lomuntu, ihlathi laseMedithera liye labangela ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo nezinhlobo zezitshalo:
- Amahlathi ahlanzekile noma ayisisekelo: akhiwe ama-holm oak, ama-oki kakhokho, ama-oki kanye namahlathi kaphayini ezimweni ezingcono kakhulu zemvelo.
- Amahlathi axubile namakhophi: Ahlanganisa ama-conifers kanye nezihlahla ezinamahlamvu abanzi ezindaweni ezipholile, noma abe nezihlahlana eziminyene nezihlahla ezinotshani.
- Isikhuhla saseMedithera: kuvela njengokucekelwa phansi kwehlathi ngenxa yomlilo, ukugawulwa kwemithi noma ukuklaba ngokweqile, futhi kufaka phakathi amahlathi, ama-rockroses, i-thyme kanye namahlathi omshanelo anothe kakhulu ngezinto eziphila kuzo.
- Dehesas: i-agrosilvopastoral landscape lapho i-holm oak noma i-cork oak igcwele khona, enobukhona obukhulu bamadlelo okulima okubanzi kwemfuyo.
- Izihlahla ze-Olive nezinye izitshalo zendabukoEzindaweni ezaguqulwa abantu ngokomlando, izizinda zeminqumo ziyindawo ebalulekile yezilwane zasendle nesiphephelo sezitshalo.
Ubudlelwano behlathi laseMedithera nomphakathi namasiko
Izinkulungwane zeminyaka, izakhamuzi zesifunda saseMedithera bathole kula mahlathi isisekelo sempilo yabo namasiko. Kubo baye bakhipha izinkuni, izinkuni, ukhokho, izithelo, utshani, izitshalo zokwelapha kanye nezinhlakaUkuzingela nokuqoqa kudlale indima ebalulekile emnothweni wendabuko, kuyilapho ukwethulwa kwezinhlelo ezifana ne-dehesa kwenze ukuba kube nokuhlalisana okusimeme phakathi kwemvelo nemisebenzi yabantu.
Izinsongo nezinselelo zokongiwa kwamahlathi aseMedithera
Naphezu kokuqina kwakhe, wedlulele sengozini yokuphazamiseka kwabantu kanye nemveloIzinsongo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:
- Ukuya emadolobheni kanye nokwanda kwezolimo: Ukuguqulelwa endaweni yokulima, ingqalasizinda kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwedolobha kunciphise kakhulu indawo yokuqala.
- Imililo yehlathiNakuba imililo iyingxenye yomjikelezo wemvelo, imvamisa namandla okubangelwa abantu kudlula umthamo wemvelo wokululama.
- Ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwezinsiza: Ukugawulwa ngokweqile kwezinkuni, ukhokho kanye nezinkuni zokubasa, kanye namadlelo ajulile, kuphazamisa ukuvuselelwa kwamahlathi emvelo.
- Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu: Amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo kanye nokuncipha kwemvula kwandisa ingozi yokuba ugwadule kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
- Ukuhlukaniswa nokulahlekelwa kwendawo yokuhlala: Ukuncishiswa nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zamahlathi kuthikameza ukusinda kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane futhi kuthunaza izindlela zokumelana nemvelo.
Namuhla, kunentuthuko eminingi eyenzekayo izinhlelo zokongiwa kwemvelo ukubuyisela, ukuvikela izilwane ezisengozini nokufundisa abantu ngokubaluleka kwaleli gugu lemvelo eliyigugu. ukusebenzisana phakathi kweziphathimandla, izinhlangano zendawo, ososayensi nabantu ngabanye bayisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ikusasa elisimeme lehlathi laseMedithera.
Ngokuhlukahluka kwalo okumangalisayo, ukujwayela okuyingqayizivele, kanye nenani elijulile lemvelo namasiko, ihlathi laseMedithera lihlala liwuphawu oluphilayo lokusimama nobuhle bemvelo lapho ibhekene nobunzima. Isimema ukuba sibabaze inkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo zayo, sazise izinsizakalo zemvelo ezinikezayo, futhi sizibophezele ekuvikelweni kwayo ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo ziqhubeke nokujabulela le ndawo eyingqayizivele yemvelo.
