Eminyakeni yamuva, Ukuba khona kwama-nitrate emanzini ompompi sekungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu zemvelo kanye nempilo yomphakathi eSpain.Lokho okwakubonakala sengathi yinkinga yobuchwepheshe egcinelwe imibiko ekhethekile kuze kube muva nje kuye kwavela phambili: omasipala abaningi babhekene nemikhawulo, izixwayiso zokusetshenziswa kanye nokungabaza ngokuphepha kwamanzi afinyelela emakhaya.
Izimbangela zalokhu kukhathazeka komphakathi kube ukushicilelwa kwe- imephu esebenzisanayo eyenziwe yiGreenpeace isebenzisa idatha esemthethweni evela ku-National Drinking Water Information System (SINAC) kusuka kuMnyango Wezempilo. Leli thuluzi livumela ukuhlola, umasipala ngamunye, isimo samanzi okuphuza maqondana nama-nitrate, futhi libeka izinombolo eziqondile enkingeni engasakwazi ukubhekwa njengenkinga eyedwa.
Umkhawulo osemthethweni okukhulunywa ngawo: kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-6 mg/l we-nitrate
Njengoba iGreenpeace ixwayisa, Umkhawulo wamanje osemthethweni wama-nitrate emanzini okuphuza eSpain ungama-50 mg/lLeli inani elisetshenziswa yimithethonqubo ukunquma ukuthi amanzi aphephile yini ukuwaphuza. Kodwa-ke, ukubuyekezwa kwamuva kwezincwadi zesayensi kuphetha ngokuthi lo mkhawulo awuvikeli ngokwanele impilo, ikakhulukazi kumdlavuza we-colonectal, umdlavuza ovame kakhulu ezweni.
Umphakathi wesayensi manje uphakamisa yehlisa lelo nani libe ngu-6 mg/lOkusho ukuthi, ngaphansi ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalolunye kunomkhawulo wamanje. Lo mkhawulo omusha uhlose ukunciphisa ingozi ehlotshaniswa nokuchayeka isikhathi eside kuma-nitrate, okuyizinto ezingenambala, ezingenaphunga, futhi ezingenambitheki, kodwa ezingaba nomthelela emzimbeni uma ziqongelela emanzini okuphuza.
Lolu shintsho lwephuzu lokubhekisela alubalulekile: ibala kabusha ngokuphelele imephu yengoziUmasipala olandela umthetho ngokugcwele, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ungaba ngaphezu kwezinga ochwepheshe abalibheka njengeliphephile esikhathini eside. Lokhu kungumthombo wezinkinga eziningi zamanje kanye nokungaqondani okubonakalayo phakathi kwemithethonqubo nobufakazi besayensi.
I-Greenpeace igcizelela ukuthi lolu daba alugcini nje ngokomthetho, kodwa futhi luphathelene nempilo yomphakathi: vumelanisa imikhawulo nolwazi lwakamuva Kungavimbela izinkulungwane zamacala ezifo ezihlobene nawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho amanzi ompompi ewumthombo oyinhloko wamanzi nsuku zonke.
Imephu yeGreenpeace: imibala yokuqonda inkinga ye-nitrate
Ukuze kwenziwe ubukhulu benkinga buqondakale, inhlangano yezemvelo ithuthukise imephu esebenzisanayo ekhomba idatha ye-SINAC enezindlela ezintsha zesayensiUma uqala ukubona, izwe linombala ohlukahlukene obonisa amazinga e-nitrate atholakala emanzini okuphuza omasipala ngamunye.
Ukuhlukaniswa okusetshenziswe yile mephu kungokulandelayo, kusekelwe ku- izingxenye ezine-nitrate ephezulu:
- oluhlaza: omasipala abanesilinganiso esingaphansi kuka-6 mg/l, ngaphansi komkhawulo onconywe umphakathi wesayensi.
- I-Naranja: phakathi kuka-6 no-30 mg/l, ububanzi obusasemthethweni kodwa obuvele bubhekwa njengendawo yokuqapha.
- I-Rojo: phakathi kuka-30 no-50 mg/l, amanani asengaphakathi komkhawulo osemthethweni, kodwa ahlonzwe emthethweni njengephuzu elibalulekile eliqala ku-30 ​​mg/l.
- Negro: ngaphezu kuka-50 mg/l, okungukuthi, amanzi adlula umkhawulo osemthethweni futhi akufanele asetshenziswe ekusetshenzisweni ngabantu.
- Azul: omasipala lapho ama-nitrate engalinganiswa khona noma idatha ingabikwanga ku-SINAC.
Ngale ndlela yokufaka ikhodi, imephu yenza kubonakale iqiniso elivame ukunganakwa: Ngo-2024, kwakunomasipala abangu-332 lapho amanzi ompompi ayengaphuzwa khona ngesikhathi esithile phakathi nonyaka ngoba umkhawulo osemthethweni ongu-50 mg/l wawudluliwe.Lezi yizindawo lapho, uma seziphenduke zaba mnyama, zenza abantu bazo baqaphele ngokushesha.
Uma sithatha njengereferensi umkhawulo ongu-6 mg/l onconywe yisayensi, isithombe sicacile nakakhulu. Komasipala abangu-2.860, leli zinga lalingana noma ladlula ngesikhathi esithile ngo-2024.Lokhu kumelela ama-51,17% omasipala baseSpain abahlaziyiwe. Ngamanye amazwi, izindawo ezingaphezu kwengxenye ezinedatha zibonisa amazinga e-nitrate angaphezu kwalokho ochwepheshe abakubheka njengokuphephile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Omasipala abayi-1.893 babonakala benombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhakaLokhu kusho ukuthi ama-nitrate awalinganiswa noma imiphumela ayibikwanga. Lokhu kuchaza cishe ingxenye yesine yenani eliphelele futhi kuphakamisa okunye ukukhathazeka: ukuntuleka kokubonakala kanye nolwazi olucacile ukuze izakhamuzi zazi kahle ukuthi yini ephuma empompini yazo.
Amacala athile: kusukela emaphandleni aseSpain kuya emadolobheni amakhulu aphakathi
Ukungcoliswa kwe-nitrate akukhawulelwe kuhlobo oluthile lomasipala. Kuthinta kokubili amadolobha amancane asemakhaya kanye namadolobha aphakathi nendawo.Kodwa-ke, izimbangela eziyisisekelo zivame ukufana: ukucindezela kwezolimo nemfuyo enhlabathini nasezindaweni zamanzi eziseduze.
Ngokwesibonelo, esifundazweni sase-AlmerÃa, Imephu yeGreenpeace ikhomba omasipala abaningana lapho amanzi ompompi edlula khona umkhawulo osemthethweni ongu-50 mg/l ngo-2024.IChirivel, iLubrÃn, iViator, iTurrillas, iPurchena kanye neHuércal-Overa ziphawulwe ngombala omnyama, okubonisa ukuthi ngesikhathi esithile phakathi nonyaka izakhamuzi zazo zazingakwazi ukuphuza amanzi avela kunethiwekhi ngokujwayelekile.
Uma izinga lehla liye ku-6 mg/l elinconywe yisayensi, Omasipala abanjengo-Adra, La Mojonera, Lucainena de las Torres, Turre, Vera, Vélez-Rubio kanye neVélez-Blanco banezelwa ohlwiniBonke bayaqhubeka nokulandela imithethonqubo, kodwa manje basebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuqapha ephakamisa ukukhathazeka ngalokho okungenzeka esikhathini esimaphakathi neside uma ukugcwala kuqhubeka nokwenyuka.
Kwenzeka into efanayo eCampo de Gibraltar, lapho Amadolobha anjengeSan Roque, iTarifa kanye neJimena de la Frontera anamazinga angaphezu komkhawulo obekwe yisayensi, yize esengaphakathi komkhawulo osemthethweni.Ngokuphambene, omasipala abaseduze njenge-Algeciras, La LÃnea, Los Barrios noma i-Castellar bahlala ngaphansi kuka-6 mg/l, kuyilapho e-San MartÃn del Tesorillo ayikho idatha eshicilelwe nhlobo.
Lokhu kukhathazeka akugcini ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma emadolobheni amancane. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje mayelana namanzi ompompi eMataró, ogwini lwaseCatalan, lubonisa idamu elinamazinga e-nitrate angu-23 mg/l kanye nomkhuba okhuphukayo ongaphezu kuka-6 mg/l ngonyakaNakuba inkampani ehlinzeka ngamanzi iphikelela ngokuthi amanzi aphephile ukusetshenziswa futhi igcizelela ukuthi umkhawulo osemthethweni wama-50 mg/l awukadluli kunoma yikuphi, idatha ikhomba ekuguqukeni okungathi, uma kungalungiswanga, kubeke idolobha emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa.
Kulesi simo, isihluthulelo sisemvelaphi yamanzi: ingxenye yokunikezwa ivela ku- amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asengozini ngama-nitrateLesi yisimo esiphindaphindwayo engxenyeni enkulu yeSpain. Isu elivamile lihilela ukuxuba la manzi angaphansi komhlaba namanzi avela ezinhlelweni zokuhlinzeka ezinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-nitrate, njengeTer-Llobregat eCatalonia, ukuze kuncishiswe ukugcwala kokugcina. Kodwa-ke, lesi sixazululo sinemikhawulo yaso, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zesomiso esihlala isikhathi eside, lapho ukuthembela emithonjeni yendawo kukhuphuka.
Impilo yomphakathi: kungani ama-nitrate emanzini eyinkinga
Impikiswano mayelana nama-nitrate emanzini okuphuza akuyona nje eyobuchwepheshe. Kuhlobene ngqo nemiphumela engaba khona yezempilo lapho ukuchayeka kuthatha isikhathi eside ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Izifundo eziningana zesayensi zihlobanise amazinga aphezulu e-nitrate nengozi eyengeziwe yezifo ezithile, okuhlanganisa nomdlavuza we-colonectal, omunye wemidlavuza evame ukutholakala eSpain.
Nakuba amanzi angaphansi kuka-50 mg/l we-nitrate ebhekwa njengokufanele ngokomthetho, Kunamazwi andayo abuza ukuthi lo mkhawulo unikeza yini isivikelo esanele Lokhu kuphambene nezifo ezikhula eminyakeni edlule. Ngakho-ke, umphakathi wesayensi usuvele ubhekisela ku-6 mg/l njengenani elifanele kakhulu lokunciphisa izingozi, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini asengozini.
Ama-nitrate angaguqulwa abe ama-nitrite kanye nama-N-nitrous compounds emzimbeni, izinto ezinamandla okudala umdlavuza. Inkinga ayishintshi ngoba amanzi awashintshi ngokunambitheka, iphunga, noma umbala.Ngakho-ke, izakhamuzi azinandlela yokubona ukwanda kwamazinga ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa okuthile noma ulwazi olunikezwe ohulumeni.
Izinhlangano ezifana neGreenpeace zigcizelela ukuthi, ngale kwemingcele yezomthetho, Kuyadingeka ukuqapha izitayela nokuvimbela ukugxilisa ingqondo ekuqhubekeni nokwanda.Isibonelo seMataró, lapho inani lamanzi likhuphuka unyaka nonyaka, noma elomasipala abaningi abaye basondela kancane kancane ku-50 mg/l, sibonisa ukubaluleka kokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokufinyelela ezimweni lapho amanzi engasabhekwa njengaphuzwayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iziphathimandla zezempilo zikhumbuza wonke umuntu ukuthi Idatha esemthethweni iyatholakala, yize kungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuyifinyelela.I-SINAC ngokwayo ihlanganisa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwezinkulungwane ibe yisizindalwazi esikhulu, kodwa abantu abaningi bakuthola kunzima ukufinyelela ulwazi olucacile nolusesikhathini mayelana nomasipala wabo, okuqinisa indima yamathuluzi afana nemephu yeGreenpeace.
Lapho kuvela khona ama-nitrate: ezolimo ezijulile kanye nokulima imfuyo yezimboni
Uma ubheka phezulu, imbangela eyinhloko ivela ngokuphindaphindiwe kuyo yonke imibiko. Ukungcola kwamanzi okuvela kuma-nitrate kuvela kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okukhulu komanyolo wokwenziwa kwezolimo ezijulile kanye nenani elikhulu lendle ekhiqizwa ukulima kwemfuyo yezimboni kanye namapulazi efektri..
Uma umanyolo we-nitrogen usetshenziswa ngokweqile noma ngokungafanele, I-nitrogen engasetshenziswa izitshalo igcina ihlunga emanzini noma ithwalwe yimvula iye emifuleni nasemadamini.Kunezinye izindlela ezifana nalezi: ukufakelwa kwe-biofertigation ukunciphisa lokho kulahlekelwa. Lokhu kusebenza futhi nakumquba kanye nodaka oluvela emapulazini emfuyo amaningi, okuthi uma lungaphathwa kahle, lungagcwalisa inhlabathi futhi lugcine lungcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Ezingeni laseYurophu, izilinganiso zisikisela ukuthi Cishe u-81% we-nitrogen yezolimo efinyelela ezinhlelweni zasemanzini ivela ngqo noma ngokungaqondile ekulimeni kwemfuyo.Esimweni saseSpain, ukukhula okunamandla komkhakha wezingulube emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kuholele enanini elikhulu lemfucuza okudingeka iphathwe, futhi lokhu akwenziwa njalo ngokulawula okwanele; izixazululo ezifana umanyolo ojikelezayo Bazama ukuxazulula ingxenye yaleyo nkinga.
Indida ekhonjiswe amaqembu ezemvelo icacile: ISpain ithumela ngaphandle ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yenyama ekhiqizayo, kuyilapho ukungcola okubangelwa yilezi zinhlelo eziqinile kusalokhu kungaphakathi ezweni.kuthinta amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imifula, amachibi okugcina amanzi, futhi ekugcineni, amanzi ompompi ezinkulungwane zabantu.
UMnyango Wezinguquko Zemvelo kanye Nenselele Yokubalwa Kwabantu usuvele uvumile ngokusemthethweni ukuthi Ukungcola kwe-nitrate kuyinkinga enkulu ethinta amanzi eSpainUbucayi besimo bubonakaliswe kakhulu ekugxekweni kweNkantolo Yobulungiswa ye-European Union ngokumelene neSpain ngokwehluleka ukulandela i-Nitrates Directive, kucatshangelwa ukuthi izinyathelo ezithathwe zokuvimbela nokunciphisa lokhu kungcoliswa okusabalala kwemvelaphi yezolimo azanele.
Amathuluzi ezakhamuzi kanye nezinselele zezepolitiki zokunciphisa ukungcola
Kulomongo, Ingcindezi yomphakathi kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamuzi kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileNgaphezu kwemephu esebenzisanayo ekhiqizwe yiGreenpeace, i-Citizen Network for Monitoring Nitrates ibilokhu isebenza kusukela ngo-2021, okuyisinyathelo esiqoqa izilinganiso ezenziwe yizisebenzi zokuzithandela namaqembu endawo ukuze kuhambisane nedatha esemthethweni.
Lezi zinhlelo ziphishekela imigomo emibili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunikeza umphakathi ulwazi oluqondakalayo mayelana nekhwalithi yamanzi abawasebenzisayoNgakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphoqa ohulumeni ukuthi bathathe izinyathelo ezinkulu emthonjeni, bathathe isinyathelo ngemikhuba yezolimo neyokufuya ebangela ukungcola.
I-Greenpeace, ngakolunye uhlangothi, Iqalise umkhankaso wesicelo sokufuna kuqedwe amapulazi asefektri futhi kuqhutshekwe nomodeli wokulima imfuyo ozinzile futhi onobungani namanzi.Le nhlangano iphawula ukuthi sekuqoqwe amasiginesha angaphezu kuka-500.000, okubonisa intshisekelo ekhulayo ekuxhumaneni phakathi kokudla, indawo, kanye nempilo yemvelo.
Ngokombono wobuchwepheshe, kugcizelelwa ukuthi Isixazululo asigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa izindawo zokuhlanza amanzikodwa ngokunciphisa umthwalo we-nitrate ofinyelela emifuleni nasemajubeni ngokusebenzisa ukuphathwa kokunisela okusebenzayo kakhudlwanaUkusebenza kuphela ekugcineni kwepayipi kungabiza kakhulu futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, akuxazululi imiphumela yemvelo emanzini.
Okwamanje, impikiswano yezepolitiki igxile ku Indlela yokuvumelanisa ezolimo nezilwane ezifuywayo nokuvikelwa kwemithombo yamanziIzindawo ezimenyezelwe ukuthi zisengozini yokuthola ama-nitrate bezilokhu zanda, kodwa izinguquko kumamodeli okukhiqiza ziqhubeka kancane. Inselele isekutholeni ibhalansi yangempela phakathi kokukhiqizwa kokudla, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, imisebenzi yasemakhaya, kanye nelungelo lamanzi ahlanzekile naphephile.
Ngakho-ke, isithombe esidwetshwe yidatha ka-2024 siyathandeka: Amakhulu omasipala asedlule umkhawulo osemthethweni ngesinye isikhathi, angaphezu kwengxenye adlula izinga elinconywe yisayensi, futhi cishe engxenyeni eyodwa kwezine akukho ngisho nolwazi lomphakathi olutholakalayo ngama-nitrate.Kulesi simo, amathuluzi okubona izinto njengemephu yeGreenpeace, amanethiwekhi okuqapha izakhamuzi, kanye nokucindezelwa komphakathi sekuphenduke abalingani ababalulekile ekushayeleni izimpendulo ezisheshayo nezinezifiso ezinkulu.
Lokho okuboniswa yilezi zithombe namamephu namuhla ukuthi inkinga ye-nitrate emanzini isivele ikhona, ikakhulukazi eSpain, nokuthi Okwenzeka eminyakeni ezayo kuzoncika ekhonweni elihlangene lokunciphisa ukungcola okuvela emthonjeni wako, ukuvuselela imikhawulo esemthethweni ukuze kuboniswe ubufakazi besayensi, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu angavula umpompi ngokuthula kwengqondo kokwazi ukuthi uphuzani..