ICosta Rica ibilokhu ibhekene ne- ukuqongelela okwandayo kukadoti okubeka izindawo zayo zokulahla udoti eziyinhloko esimweni esinzima, kodwa ucwaningo lwaseyunivesithi seluqala ukushintsha indlela okuqondakala ngayo ukuphathwa kwemfucuza: ukusebenzisa isikhunta ukuguqula imfucuza ibe yimithombo.
Lesi siphakamiso se-biotechnology, esikhuthazwe yiNational Distance Education University (UNED), siphakamisa ukuthi imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo egcina itholakala ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ingaguqulwa ibe Amakhowe adliwayo, izinto ezisetshenziswa kwezolimo kanye nezinto ezibolayoLe ndlela ayigcini nje ngokufuna ukunciphisa ingcindezi yemvelo eCosta Rica, kodwa futhi ivula ithuba lezixazululo ezifanayo kwezinye izindawo, njengeSpain kanye neYurophu yonke, lapho umnotho ojikelezayo usuvele uyinto eza kuqala kwezepolitiki nakwezenhlalo.
Inkinga yemfucuza eCosta Rica: ilabhorethri evulekile
Ngokusho kwedatha evela kuMnyango Wezempilo waseCosta Rica, umhlali ngamunye ukhiqiza okungaphezu kwalokho Amakhilogremu angu-400 emfucuza ngonyakaLokhu kusho ukuthi kungaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-1,6 emfucuza evamile minyaka yonke. Lo mthwalo ugxile ikakhulukazi eGreater Metropolitan Area, lapho izindawo zokulahla udoti zaseLa Uruca nase-Aserrà ndawonye zithola cishe amathani angu-2.600 ngosuku.
Zombili lezi zikhungo ziseduze kakhulu nomkhawulo wazo womthamo, kangangokuthi iziphathimandla zixwayise ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuwa kwezindawo zokulahla udoti ezinyangeni ezizayoUkuvalwa noma ukugcwala kwalezi zindawo kungaba yinkinga enkulu yokuphathwa kwemfucuza ezweni lonke, kanye nezingozi ezinkulu zemvelo kanye nezempilo.
Kulesi simo sokugcwala, uMnyango Wezempilo uye waze wachaza lesi simo njengesiyinhlekelele yangempela. "Inkinga yemfucuza"Ukuhlanganiswa kokusetshenziswa kakhulu, ukuhlukaniswa kwemithombo ephansi kanye nokuthembela ezindaweni zokulahla udoti kuye kwaphoqa ukufuna ezinye izixazululo, ngale kokwandisa umthamo wezindawo zokulahla udoti ezihlanzekile.
Kukulesi simo lapho i-UNED iguqule khona le nkinga yaba yithuba lokusungula izinto ezintsha: ukusebenzisa imfucuza ngokwayo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezinqubo ze-biotechnology ezikhiqiza imikhiqizo ewusizo enenani lemakethe.
Isikhunta esiguqula imfucuza ibe yimithombo
Inhliziyo yesiphakamiso se-UNED yiphrojekthi eyasungulwa yi- Ilebhu Yocwaningo Kwezesayensi Yokuhlola (i-LICE)igxile ekuvubeleni kwesimo esiqinile. Le ndlela isebenzisa isikhunta ukuphula imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo bese iyiguqula ibe imikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu.
Umqondo oyisisekelo ulula kakhulu: izinsalela zezitshalo kanye neminye imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo ziguqulwa zibe "Ukudla" kwesikhunta esithileNgesikhathi senqubo yokubilisa, lawa ma-microorganisms aphula izinto futhi akhiqize izakhiwo ezintsha noma ama-compounds angasetshenziswa ekudleni, kwezolimo, noma embonini.
Le phrojekthi incike emaqenjini amathathu amakhulu esikhunta: i-Pleurotus, i-Trichoderma, ne-Ganoderma. Ngayinye ifeza umsebenzi othile ngaphakathi kohlelo, okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwemigqa emithathu eyinhloko yemikhiqizo evela esisekelweni esifanayo semfucuza.
Leli qhinga lihambisana kahle nezimiso ze- umnotho oyindilingaLokhu kunciphisa inani lemfucuza eliya ezindaweni zokulahla udoti, kusebenzisa imikhiqizo yezolimo neyekhaya engabalulekile, futhi kudala izintambo ezintsha zenani emikhakheni efana nokudla kwezolimo nezinto eziqhubekayo.
Imigqa emithathu yemikhiqizo: ukudla, ezolimo, kanye nezinto eziphilayo
Emkhakheni wokudla, isikhunta sohlobo lwe-Pleurotus sisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amakhowe adliwayo amasha noma acutshunguliweLawa makhowe, afana namakhowe e-oyster adumile, anenani eliphezulu lokudla okunempilo kanye namathuba athakazelisayo okuhweba kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, kokubili ezimakethe zasendaweni kanye naseziteshini ezikhethekile.
Kwezolimo, ukugxila okuyinhloko kukhunta iTrichoderma, eyaziwa ngekhono layo lokukwazi ngcono impilo yomhlabathi futhi kuvikelwe izitshalo ezifweni ezithile. Izinto ezifakwa yi-bio zitholakala emfucumfucwini ebilisiwe, engasetshenziswa njengezilungiso zenhlabathi noma izithasiselo ezinhlelweni zezolimo ezisimeme kakhudlwana.
Umugqa wesithathu ugxile ku-fungus yohlobo lwe-Ganoderma, esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo ezihloselwe shintsha ipulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye kuphelaLezi zinto, ezakhiwe ngamanethiwekhi e-mycelium (isakhiwo sezitshalo se-fungus), zingabunjwa ukuze kudalwe izingcezu eziqinile noma eziqinile ezifanelekile ukupakisha, ukugcwalisa kanye neminye imikhiqizo lapho kusetshenziswa khona ama-foam epulasitiki noma izitsha ezivamile njengamanje.
Ngale ndlela, umfudlana ofanayo wemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo ungaguqulwa ube ukudla, okokufaka kwezolimo, kanye nezinye izindlela ezibolayo zezimboni. Le ndlela iyindlela ejwayelekile futhi ivumela indawo lapho imikhiqizo itholakala khona ukuthi ivumelane nezidingo zesifunda noma zemakethe.
Kusukela ku-hibiscus kuya ekhofini: yimiphi imikhiqizo elahliwe esetshenziswayo
Kunokuba ikhawulelwe emfucumfucwini yasekhaya ejwayelekile, iphrojekthi ye-UNED ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zemfucuza imfucuza yezolimo nezimboni kwasakazeka ezindaweni ezahlukene zaseCosta Rica, okwenza izwe libe yindawo yokuhlola ehlukahlukene kakhulu.
Phakathi kwezinto ezisetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokubilisa isimo esiqinile kukhona ukucheba imfucuza Imbali yeHibiscus ku-Bagaces, amapayipi asele eGuápiles, imikhiqizo engaphansi kwe-rambutan nephayinaphu, imfucuza ehlobene nokutshalwa kwesundu sase-Afrika endaweni eseningizimu kanye nemfucuza yekhofi evela emakhaya.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kukhona iqoqo elihlukile lemfucuza yasekhaya, evumela ukuthi izinto zifike elabhorethri zisesimweni esingcono. Lolu hlobo lwemithombo ludinga ukuthi inqwaba ngayinye yemfucuza ihlaziywe ngaphambi kokuqala inqubo, njengoba Akuzona zonke izinto ezilahlwayo ezifanayo nsuku zonke. futhi kuyadingeka ukuhlola ukuthi amakhowe anezakhamzimba ezifanele.
Le ndlela, esekelwe ekuguqulweni okuqhubekayo kwezakhi zofuzo, iyathakazelisa kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana neSpain noma lonke elaseYurophu, lapho ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo kanye nezinqubo zezolimo kungondla khona izinhlelo ezifanayo zokukhiqizwa kwesikhunta kanye nezinto eziphilayo.
Ukubambisana nomasipala kanye nendima yeyunivesithi
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zalo msebenzi ukusebenzisana nohulumeni basekhaya. ECosta Rica, i-UNED isebenzisana eduze ne- Umasipala wase-Pérez Zeledón, enesistimu yokuqoqwa kwemfucuza ehlukanisiwe.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuvumela imfucuza yemvelo ukuthi ifike elabhorethri isesimweni esifanele sokucutshungulwa, kunciphisa ukuba khona kwezinto ezingcolisayo futhi kube lula ukulawula inqubo. Empeleni, imfucuza yasekhaya ehlungiwe iba izinto zokusetshenziswa zelebhu ye-biotechnologynemiphumela ebonakalayo.
Eyunivesithi, lo mkhankaso unengxenye ebalulekile yemfundo. I-LICE isebenzisa lo msebenzi ukuqinisa amakhono ku- i-biotechnology esetshenzisiwe kanye nokusimama, okubandakanya abafundi emasu okubilisa athuthukile, ukuphathwa kwesikhunta kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ngakho-ke le phrojekthi iqinisa indima ye-UNED njengesilinganiso kwezobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza, ngenkathi ikhiqiza ulwazi olungadluliselwa ezinkampanini, emabambisene kwezolimo kanye nakubaphathi bomphakathi abanesifiso samamodeli okuphathwa kwemfucuza ejikelezayo.
Imodeli engathunyelwa eSpain naseYurophu
Nakuba lolu cwaningo luthuthukiswa eCosta Rica, imiphumela yalo idlula umongo wendawo. Inhlanganisela ye Inkinga yokulahlwa kwemfucuza, ubuningi bemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo kanye nesidingo sezinto ezintsha ezihlala isikhathi eside Kuyiqiniso elihlanganyelwa amazwe amaningi aseYurophu.
Isibonelo, eSpain, imithetho ye-EU mayelana nodoti kanye nomnotho ojikelezayo idinga ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwemfucuza yokulahla udoti kanye nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kabusha kanye nokubuyiselwa kwengxenye yezinto eziphilayo. Iziphakamiso ezifana nalezo ezivivinywa yi-UNED eCosta Rica zingasebenza njengesibonelo salokhu. phakamisa amaphrojekthi okuhlola ezindaweni zezolimo ngenqwaba yemikhiqizo engaphansi, kusukela ekusikeni imfucuza kuya ekulahleni imfucuza evela embonini yezithelo nemifino.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezivela ku-fungus kuhambisana nokuzibophezela kwaseYurophu kokuthi izinto ze-bioplastics nezinto ezifakwa umqubaikakhulukazi ezitsheni ezisetshenziswa kanye, ukupakisha kanye nemikhiqizo imithetho yaseYurophu eqhubeka ivimbela.
Icala laseCosta Rica libonisa ukuthi, ngokubambisana okwanele phakathi kwamanyuvesi, abaphathi kanye nomkhakha okhiqizayo, kungenzeka ukuguqula izinkinga zansuku zonke ezifana nemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo zibe amathuba abonakalayo kwezomnotho kanye nemvelo.
Wonke lo msebenzi eCosta Rica ubonisa indlela Isikhunta singaba abalingani abangalindelekile Njengoba sibhekene nokugcwala kwezindawo zokulahla udoti kanye nesidingo sezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside: kusukela enkingeni yemfucuza, indlela iyavuleka lapho udoti uphela khona ukuba yimfucuza nje futhi uba yisisekelo sokudla okusha, izixazululo zasemaphandleni kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezingakwazi ukuguqula ukuphathwa kwemfucuza eLatin America kanye naseSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.