Uma ukhangwa amajikijolo, the Amajikijolo e-Amelanchier alnifolia -eyaziwa ngokuthi i-saskatoon, i-serviceberry, noma i-juneberry- iphakathi kwalawo magugu amangazayo ngephrofayili yawo yokudla okunempilo namandla ezempilo. Umbala wazo onsomi omnyama ufihla inani elimangalisayo lama-polyphenols nama-anthocyanins. umsebenzi we-antioxidant wezinga eliphezuluNgaphezu kwefayibha kanye nezinye izakhamzimba ezizuzisayo, umlando wabo usukela kubantu bomdabu baseNyakatho Melika, abawadle amasha, omisiwe, futhi njengesithako ekuphekeni kwendabuko.
Namuhla, zicwaningwa njengokudla okusebenzayo, okutshalwa ngokwandayo ngaphandle kwezindawo zazo zemvelo, futhi zisetshenziswa kumajamu, ama-tarts, iwayini, ubhiya, neziphuzo zobuciko. Ngaphandle kokunambitheka kwawo—okumnandi nge-alimondi—okuhlaba umxhwele yindlela izingxube zawo ezixhunyaniswa ngayo nempilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, kanye nokuguquguquka kwazo kwezindlela zokupheka. Kulesi sihloko, sizobuyekeza i-botany yabo, izakhi, izinhlanganisela ze-bioactive, ukusetshenziswa, kanye ubufakazi besayensi obutholakala ezindaweni zayo.
Iyini i-Amelanchier alnifolia futhi ikhula kuphi?
I-Amelanchier alnifolia ingeyomndeni wakwaRosaceae futhi yethulwa njenge isihlahla esinamagatsha noma isihlahla esincaneUkusatshalaliswa kwayo kwemvelo kuhlanganisa i-Alaska, ingxenye enkulu yeCanada (kusuka eYukon kuya eBritish Columbia naseQuebec), kanye nezindawo ezisentshonalanga nasenyakatho emaphakathi ne-United States, ukusuka e-Iowa nase-Utah kuya eCalifornia. Ikhula ukusuka olwandle ukuya ezindaweni eziphakeme, ifinyelela cishe 2.600 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle eCalifornia futhi kufika ku-3.400 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle e-Rockies.
Endle, yakha amakoloni, afinyelela ubude obuyi-1 kuya ku-8 m ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Amaqabunga awo amise okweqanda acishe abe yindilinga, 2-5 cm ubude no-1-4,5 cm ububanzi, anamacele anamazinyo kanye ne-petiole engu-0,5-2 cm. Izimbali ezimhlophe, ezimise okwenkanyezi zivela ngamaqoqo angu-3 kuya kwangu-20 ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Izithelo, ngobuchwepheshe izinkinobho kodwa aziwa ngokuthi amajikijolo, ansomi lapho evuthiwe, futhi ekala Ziyi-5 kuya ku-15 mm ububanzi futhi ziyadliwa ngokucacile..
I-morphology, i-taxonomy, izinhlobo namagama
Ezincwadini zesayensi yezitshalo, lolu hlobo lubizwa ngokuthi i-Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M.Roem., enegama eliyisisekelo elithi Aronia alnifolia Nutt. Phakathi komqondo ofanayo kukhona ne-Amelanchier florida Lindl. Ngokwe-Etymologically, i-Amelanchier isuselwa kwelithi Provençal French elithi “amelancier,” elisetshenziselwa u-A. ovalis, futhi i-alnifolia isho “amaqabunga afana nalawo ohlobo lwe-Alnus.” Phakathi kwamagama ayo amaningi ezilimi zomdabu, okulandelayo kuyagqama: i-saskatoon, i-Pacific serviceberry, i-western serviceberry kanye ne-Juneberry, ngaphezu kwegama elithi “guillomo” kweminye imibhalo yeSpanishi.
Izinhlobo ezinhlanu zezitshalo ziyabonwa: A. alnifolia var. alnifolia (enyakatho-mpumalanga), var. cuickii (entshonalanga), var. i-humptulipensis (enyakatho-ntshonalanga), var. pumila (Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada), kanye var. semiintegrifolia (ugu lwasePacific, ukusuka e-Alaska kuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeCalifornia). Lokhu kwehlukahlukana, kanye nenhlanganisela yemvelo evamile phakathi kohlobo, ngezinye izikhathi kwenza ukuhlonza kube nzima ku-amateur. Noma kunjalo, bonke bahlanganyela ukukhiqizwa kwamajikijolo anambitheka futhi abukekayo anombala onjalo Ihluka kusuka ku-pink kuya ku-blue-violet ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa.
Ukwakheka okunomsoco kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-bioactive
Amajikijolo e-amelanchier alnifolia ahlinzeka ngefayibha yokudla kanye namavithamini B afana ne-riboflavin (B2) kanye ne-biotin (B7). I-B2 ibamba iqhaza kumetabolism yamafutha, ama-carbohydrate, namaprotheni, futhi inomthelela ekugcineni amehlo enempilo, isikhumba, umlomo, nezinwele; ibuye isetshenziswe njengombala wokudla. I-B7 isebenza njenge-coenzyme ezindleleni ezihlobene nama-purines nama-carbohydrate, ibandakanyeka ekuhlanganiseni kwe-fatty acid, nasekubunjweni kwesikhumba, izinzipho, nezinwele. Phakathi kwamaminerali, okulandelayo kuyagqama: insimbi, i-calcium, i-manganese ne-phosphorusngephrofayili yomsoco eqhathaniswa neyama-blueberries.
Ngempela, ukufana namajikijolo aluhlaza kubonakala nasekubunjweni kwawo kwe-phenolic: ama-polyphenols amaningi, ama-anthocyanins nama-flavonols afana ne-quercetin, nama-anthocyanidin afana ne-cyanidin, i-delphinidin, i-pelargonidin, i-petunidin, i-peonidin, ne-malvidin. Lezi zinhlanganisela zingama-antioxidants anamandla futhi zibophezele kakhulu imibala yazo ensomi. Eminye imithombo iqokomisa ukuthi amajikijolo e-saskatoon aqukethe “amaprotheni amaningi, amafutha, kanye ne-fiber kunezinye izithelo,” isimangalo, noma kunjalo, esikhomba ikakhulukazi ephawulekayo ukuminyana izakhi phakathi izithelo ehlathini.
Mayelana noshukela, kuchazwe njengokuqukethe i-20% sucrose kanye no-10% onciphisa ushukela, nokwanda kwengxenye kashukela esikhathini esingaphambi kokuvuthwa ngokugcwele. Phakathi kwama-organic acid, i-malic acid iyinhloko. Njengezinye izithelo ezinemibala egqamile, lapho umbala onsomi ugqama kakhulu, kuba namandla amandla okulwa ne-antioxidant ahlobene nama-anthocyanins awo, isici Lokhu kubeka la majikijolo phakathi kwezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu mayelana nama-antioxidants..
Ama-Antioxidants: Okutholakele Okubalulekile Kocwaningo
Ocwaningweni oluqhathaniswayo lwama-cultivars amahlanu, inani eliphelele le-phenolic lamajikijolo amasha lalisukela ku-2,52 kuya ku-3,82 g okulingana ne-gallic acid ngekhilogremu yesisindo esisha (g GAE · kg–1), kuyilapho isamba somthamo we-antioxidant sisuka ku-4,17 kuya ku-5,29 g okulingana ne-ascorbic acid ngekhilogremu ngayinye yesisindo esisha. Ukuhlobana phakathi kwama-phenolic/flavonoid nomsebenzi wokulwa ne-antioxidant bekuphezulu kakhulu (r² = 0,8921 kanye ne-r² = 0,9901, ngokulandelana), okuqinisa umqondo wokuthi ama-polyphenols abangela ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi we-antioxidant. amandla e-antioxidant abonwa esithelweni.
Ucwaningo luphinde lwahlola ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlobo ze-oksijeni ezisebenzayo zisebenzisa i-methanolic extracts (10%) yesithelo: i-nitric oxide (21,08-27,52%), i-superoxide anion (25,14-30,73%), ne-hydroxyl radical (18,25-21,18%). Ukwengeza, umsebenzi we-antioxidant ulinganiswa ohlelweni lwe-lipid hepatic (7,90-8,38%). Ngokuphawulekayo, lezi zithiyo zazigqame kakhulu kunalezo ezibonwa kuma-apula, isithelo se-pome sokulinganiswa somhlaba. Noma kunjalo, amanani e-quantitative asebenza ekuhlukaniseni i-Amelanchier alnifolia njenge umthombo ongaguquki kakhulu wama-antioxidants ekudleni.
Imiphumela ye-Cardiometabolic ebonwa kumamodeli ezilwane
Kumamodeli we-metabolic syndrome eyenziwe ngokudla, ukungenelela ngamajikijolo e-saskatoon kuholele ekutheni isisindo somzimba sibe sijwayelekile kanye nokuncipha kwe-adiposity. Ngasikhathi sinye, yathuthukisa ukubekezelelwa kwe-glucose, yehlisa umfutho wegazi we-systolic, futhi yazuzisa ukwakheka nokusebenza kwenhliziyo. Ezingeni le-hepatic, okutholakele kubonise ukunciphisa ukungena kwamangqamuzana okuvuvukala kanye nokuncipha kwenani le-cholesterol ye-plasma. Lezi zimo zibonakala zisekelwa ukuguqulwa kwe-central glucose metabolism pathways, nemiphumela i-glycolysis, i-gluconeogenesis, ne-glycogenesisNakuba okutholakele kusekelwe ezilwaneni, kukhomba emgqeni othembisayo wocwaningo lokuhlolwa kwabantu okuzayo.
Iqiniso lokuthi i-pomace (i-pomace) yesithelo iwumthombo ocebile wama-polyphenols, ama-flavonols, nama-chlorogenic acids yengeza enye indlela yokusetshenziswa kwayo: njengesithako/i-adjuvant enezakhiwo ze-antioxidant emikhiqizweni yokudla. Lokhu "kuphila kwesibili" kwensalela, ngaphezu kokwengeza inani ku-supply chain, can ukufaka isandla ekwakhiweni okusebenzayo embonini yokudla.
Ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko, izinhlelo zokusebenza kanye ne-gastronomy
Imiphakathi yomdabu e-Canada idle lawa majikijolo amakhulu eminyaka, amasha noma omisiwe, futhi yawahlanganisa ezitsheni eziwuphawu njenge-pemmican (isitshulu sasebusika senyama, amafutha, nesithelo esomisiwe). Namuhla, zisasetshenziswa kophaya, ujamu, iwayini, ama-cider, kanye nezithako ezinoshukela; omisiwe, ahlangana kahle nama-cereals, i-trail mix, kanye nokudla okulula. I-pulp evuthiwe imnandi-naleso sici se-alimondi inothi-futhi, ngokwe-gastronomically, ikhiqiza ... amajusi, amasoso, ama-dessert nama-cheese pairings.
Phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuqoshiwe kwe-ethnobotanical kukhona: ukusetshenziswa kwe-cambium, ebilisiwe emanzini, njengesibulala-magciwane; ijusi yezithelo ezivuthiwe njengekhambi lezifo zesisu kanye ne-laxative emnene; kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamaconsi njengamaconsi esweni ngenxa yokucasuka nezindlebe. Nakuba lolu kuwulwazi lwendabuko, futhi njengenjwayelo, ukuqapha nokwahlulela okunengqondo kwezokwelapha kuyatuseka, lezi zikhombo zisiza ukuqonda. ubudlelwano obude phakathi kwezinhlobo nempilo yomphakathi.
Uhlu “lokusetshenziswa kokwelapha” lukhuluma ngezenzo ezifana nesisu, imfiva, i-laxative ethambile, i-ophthalmic, i-diaphoretic, ivuselela isifiso sokudla, ukuvimbela inzalo, nokusiza ekubelethweni. Eminye imihlahlandlela yolwazi inika uhlobo isilinganiso esithi “2/5” ukuze kuzuze ukwelapha kanye “5/5” ukuze kuzuze umsoco, okubonisa ngempela isisindo sokusetshenziswa kwakho njengokudla uma kuqhathaniswa nakho. Insiza yomtholampilo eqondile enobufakazi obulinganiselwe.
Ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana nokuvikelwa kwamaseli
Ngaphandle kokulinganisa okujwayelekile kwe-antioxidant, imiphumela yezithelo ezikhishwe kuma-erythrocyte (amangqamuzana egazi abomvu) yahlaziywa, okuhlanganisa ukumelana ne-osmotic, i-cell morphology, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-phospholipid, kanye nolwelwesi lwe-membrane. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ama-polyphenolic compounds amajikijolo asebenzisana nolwelwesi olungaphezulu, okuholela ekuvikelekeni okuphumelelayo ngokumelene ne-oxidation. Lokhu kubuka kusekela indima yama-saskatoon polyphenols njengama-ejenti lawo Bazinzisa izakhiwo zamaselula ezizwela ukulimala kwe-oxidative.
Amaqabunga, iziqu kanye ne-pomace: ama-polyphenols agcina amanzi
Amaqabunga neziqu zama-cultivar ahlukene aqukethe amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-proanthocyanidin; ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuthi zinenani elibalulekile lezinhlanganisela ze-phenolic ezihlukahlukene, okuvula umnyango wokusetshenziswa kwazo njengempahla eluhlaza enekhono lokusebenza. Embonini, i-pomace (i-byproduct emva kokukhishwa kwejusi) iyi-goldmine yama-polyphenols. ama-flavonols nama-chlorogenic acid okungase kwengezwe ekubunjweni okunezicelo ze-antioxidant, njalo ngaphakathi kohlaka lokulawula kanye nezifundo ezithile zokuphepha nokusebenza ngempumelelo.
Ukutshala, ukuqina nokuvuna
Lolu hlobo luqinile kakhulu emakhazeni, lukwazi ukumelana nobusika. Ijwayelana nenhlabathi ehlukahlukene, nakuba inhlabathi enobumba noma engakhanyi kahle kufanele igwenywe. Ezitshalweni ezithengiswayo, kunconywa ukuthi kutshalwe emigqeni engamamitha angama-4-6 ukusuka komunye nomunye futhi kusungulwe amabanga angama-0,5-1 wamamitha phakathi kwezitshalo. Ukuphila kwesihlahla ngasinye kuzungeza Iminyaka engama-30, ngokuqhakaza kwentwasahlobo kanye nezithelo zasehloboEzindaweni ezisogwini, ukuvuthwa kuqala ekuqaleni kwehlobo; phakathi nezwe, iqhubekela phambili ngasekupheleni kwesizini.
Phakathi kwama-cultivars e-horticultural, i-Saskablue® igqamile. Iqala ukukhiqiza ekuseni kakhulu—ngokuvunwa ekuqaleni konyaka wesibili—futhi ikhiqiza amaqoqo agcwele kangangokuthi amahlumela akwazi ukugoba ngaphansi kwesisindo. Engadini, yakha izihlahla eziqinile ezinobude (cishe u-2,5 m ekulinyweni) kanye nama-canopies aminyene, abukisayo. Izimbali ezimhlophe zishintsha amajikijolo amnyama ansomi anokunambitheka okumnandi okunjenge-alimondi. Ukuvuna kwenzeka phakathi kokuphela kukaJuni noJulayi, futhi isithelo—simnandi kunama-blueberries ngokwezincazelo ezithile—silungele... ukusetshenziswa okusha noma okucutshunguliwe futhi ngenxa ye ukukhethwa kwezithelo zonyaka nemifino.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo nezinsiza
Ngokombono we-taxonomic, i-Amelanchier alnifolia ingeyesizinda i-Eukarya; i-supergroup Archaeplastida; division Streptophyta (green plant clade); isigaba Magnoliopsida; oda Rosales; umndeni wakwaRosaceae; Uhlobo lwe-Amelanchier. Kuyiqembu elinokubuyekezwa kwe-taxonomic okuqhubekayo ezinhlelweni ezihlukene zokuhlukanisa, nakuba ukubekwa kwayo ngaphakathi kwe-Rosaceae kuzinzile. Kulabo abanentshisekelo, kunezinsiza ezinhle kakhulu ze-inthanethi (i-Wikispecies, Wikimedia Commons, nezitshalo zesifunda) okhiye bokuhlonza, amapuleti nezincazelo ezinemininingwane.
Njengeqiniso elimangalisayo elihlobene nokuhlonza, ezinye izinkundla zesayensi yezitshalo zinikeza imisebenzi "yokubona isitshalo ngokushesha esithombeni." Nakuba lezi zingangeni esikhundleni sokuxilongwa okusemthethweni kwe-botanical, zingasebenza njengosekelo lokuhlukanisa i-saskatoon nezinhlobo ezihlobene zohlobo lwe-Amelanchier ekulinganisweni kokuqala. funda izici zensimu eziyisisekelo.
Ku-horticulture nasengadini, izinhlobo ze-Amelanchier zithandwa kakhulu ngezimbali zazo zasentwasahlobo kanye namahlamvu asekwindla. Ziqinile, kulula ukuzinakekela, futhi zifaneleka kahle izingadi ezincane; ngaphezu kwalokho, i-genus ivame ukubonisa ukuxutshwa kwemvelo, okwandisa ukuhlukahluka okutholakalayo kokuhlobisa futhi ngezinye izikhathi kube nzima ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba okunembile. amagama asezingeni lezinhlobo noma izinga lezinhlobonhlobo.
Ekugcineni, inothi le-Culinary: ngaphezu kwama-dessert nama-jam, amajikijolo asetshenziselwa ukwenza iwayini, futhi amaqabunga asetshenziselwe ukumnika okumnandi. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ku amamiksi kwasekuseniAmabha enziwe ekhaya noma ama-compote ezithelo ezibomvu akuvumela ukuthi uzuze kuphrofayili yawo ye-fiber kanye ne-polyphenol, indlela ejabulisa kakhulu lapho ufuna. Okuhlukile kunama-blueberries anama-nuances ahlukene.
I-Amelanchier alnifolia ihlanganisa ukuqina, inani lokuhlobisa, isivuno se-Culinary, kanye nephrofayili ye-phytochemical ecebile ngama-anthocyanins nama-flavonols, enomsebenzi we-antioxidant obhalwe kahle kanye nezimpawu ezikhuthazayo mayelana nempilo ye-cardiometabolic kumamodeli ezilwane. I-pomace yayo kanye nezingxenye zasemoyeni (amaqabunga neziqu) zandisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwenhlanganisela ye-phenolic, futhi ukulinywa kwayo kalula enhlabathini ekhishwe kahle kanye nezimo zezulu ezipholile kuyenza ibe indawo ekahle. ikhandidethi ephawulekayo phakathi kwezithelo zehlathi ezisafufusa.
