Ilayisi ligcina wonke umnotho kanye nokudlaFuthi akuyona imfihlo: lapho izinambuzane nezifo zibambile, isivuno siyahlupheka, kanjalo nesisekelo. Ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene ezitshala irayisi, kusukela e-Mediterranean deltas kuya ezindaweni ezishisayo, isivuno Ivinjezelwa izinambuzane, ama-mollusk, isikhunta, nokhula olungaqeda zonke izitshalo uma lungabonwa ngesikhathi.
Lokhu okuqukethwe kuyahlanganisa izaziso zobuchwepheshe ezisemthethweni, izincazelo kanye nezincomo Ivela emithonjeni eminingi yesifunda nezikhungo zocwaningo, kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha ezididiyelwe, ukuze ukwazi ukuhlonza izimpawu, uqonde umjikelezo wempilo yomenzeli ngamunye, futhi wenze ngokufanele. Isukela ekuxilongweni okungokoqobo kuye... okungcono ukulawulwa kwemvelongokusetshenziswa kahle kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo kuphela lapho kudingekile futhi nazo zonke izingcezu ze-IPM enhle (I-Integrated Management Plan) ehlanganiswe kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okulandelayo kuqoqwe: izindlela zokutshala lokho kusiza ukunciphisa ukucindezela kwezinambuzane.
Izinambuzane eziyinhloko zelayisi: ukuthi ungazibona kanjani nokuthi wenzeni
Ama-Chironomids (Cricotopus spp. kanye ne-Chironomus spp.)
Emasimini elayisi agcwele amanzi, Izibungu zeChironomid zichamusela ngokushesha ngemva kwesikhathi eside samanzi ngaphambi kokutshalaLezo zohlobo lweCricotopus ziluhlaza ngokumhlophe, zidinga amanzi anomoya-mpilo kakhulu futhi ziyingozi kakhulu ekuzalweni; lawo eChironomus anombala obomvu, ane-hemoglobin eningi, futhi azivumelanisa kangcono namanzi anomoya-mpilo omncane, abangela izinkinga ezimbalwa.
Umonakalo omkhulu uza nawo izibungu zesigaba sesithathu nesesineedla imbewu nezimpande zezithombo. Ekuhlanyeleni okuqondile, ukwanda kwenani labantu kungaqeda ukuhluma. Qaphela: izikhukhula isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokutshala (esetshenziselwa ukwenza buthaka irayisi lasendle nolunye ukhula) ivuna ukuqubuka kwezibungu uma kungahlelwanga kahle.
Ekuphatheni, letha phambili usuku lukazamcolo Inciphisa kakhulu ingcindezi futhi lungisa isikhathi esibucayi sokuhlaselaokuvumela izithombo ukuba zithole amandla ngaphambi kokuba izinambuzane zifinyelele emazingeni ayingozi. Gwema ukuhlwanyela sekwephuzile (izigameko ziyanda kusukela maphakathi noMeyi) futhi, lapho kunesidingo, Faka isibulala-zinambuzane esigunyaziwe ngosuku lokutshala futhi futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-7njalo ngaphakathi kohlelo oludidiyelwe futhi kucatshangelwa imingcele yendawo.
Iziqhumane ze-rice
Amaphrofayili amabili akhathaza ngempela: i i-yellow stem borer (inundu lomndeni wakwaCrambidae) kanye ne I-Asian/European rice borer (Chilo suppressalis). Kuzo zombili izimo, izibungu zangena esiqwini futhi zibangela izinhliziyo ezifile ezivamile ekukhuleni kwemifino kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. "amakhanda amhlophe" (amadlebe ommbila amhlophe, aqondile) Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza/ukugcwalisa, ukulahlekelwa kungaba kusuka ku-20% kuya ku-80% noma kube okuphelele ezindaweni eziqinile uma kungekho sinyathelo esithathwayo.
Ku-Chilo suppressalis, Abantu abadala baphuma maphakathi nentwasahlobo Amaqanda abekwa ngaphansi kwamaqabunga. Izibungu zingena esiqwini eduze kwamanodi, zithulule i-pith, futhi zingasuka komunye umoba ziye kwenye. Ezinye iziphungumangathi zihlala zilele kuze kube yintwasahlobo elandelayo, bese kuvela isibungu. Ingena ebusika emasimini anenhlanga. phansi kwesiqu. Ezindaweni eziningi, Indiza yesibili ibonakala ekuqaleni kuka-August, imvelaphi yesizukulwane sesibili sezibungu.
Ukuze ugweme ukubambezeleka: qapha izimpawu ezifana amahlumela amaphakathi omile akhishwa kalulaukubhobozwa kanye ne-fecal matter ngaphakathi kwesiqu. Njengemikhuba yamasiko, lokhu okulandelayo kusebenza: ukususwa kwamahlumela/izinduku ezinenhliziyo efileUkulima okujulile ehlobo ukuveza amafomu angavuthiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa Izitshalo zomgibe (isb., utshani bendlovu)Izicupho zePheromone zisiza ekuqapheni nasekunciphiseni abantu.
Lapho ukungenelela kwamakhemikhali kuyadingeka, izincomo ezihlukahlukene ezisemthethweni ziphakamisa Yelapha entwasahlobo lapho uthola umonakalo wokuqala bese uphinda maphakathi nehloboizindlela ezijikelezayo zokwenza. Ezinhlelweni ze-IPM, ukusetshenziswa kwe Bacillus thuringiensis ezibungwini kanye nezinye i-biotechnologies zilawula ngaphandle kokulimaza izilwane ezizuzayo.
Ukuqeda ama-"Doughnuts" (Spodoptera spp. kanye ne-Mythimna spp.)
Ukulimala kwayo kuvame ukuqala imingcele nemingcele Futhi uma ingcindezi ikhula, ama-patches of defoliation avela ngaphakathi, edla amahlamvu okhula ngisho nerayisi ngokwalo. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kubalulekile, ngoba ukuwohloka kwamaqabunga okuqinile kunciphisa isivuno lapho nje sidinga ukuchuma.
Kumasu e-IPM, ihlanganisa ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokususa ngesandla ezindaweni ezincane. Ezindaweni lapho kunconywa ukungenelela, kukhona okuhlangenwe nakho nge izilawuli zokukhula ezifana ne-tebufenozide ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe, njalo ukubeka phambili ukukhetha nokuhlonipha izitha zemvelo.
I-leafhopper ensundu
Abantu abadala abaphuzi ngokunsundu bafika ku-5 mm kanye nama-nymphs asukela ku- okumhlophe kuya kokunsomi-nsundu kuye ngesiteji. Zibekela amaqanda amise okwenyanga esitshalweni ngokwaso. Kokubili ama-nymphs namadala adla ngaphansi kwamathila, kuqala akhiqize amabala aphuzi eziphenduka zibe nsundu futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, zinikeze isitshalo ukubukeka "okushile".
Ngaphezu komonakalo oqondile, Bakhipha ama-molasses akhuthaza isikhunta se-sooty ezingeni lezitshalo futhi ingadlulisa amagciwane (njengokumila ne-wilt). Ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno okukhulu kuye kwabhalwa emahlumela aqinile. Qinisekisa i- ubukhona bezitha zemvelo futhi isebenzisa amakhemikhali/izicupho ukuze kuqashwe; uma ukungenelela kudingekile, kubeka phambili izixazululo ezinobungozi obuncane ngaphakathi kwe-IPM.
I-Rice weevil
Abadala 3,5-4 mm, grey namabala amnyama futhi ubuso obuveleleIzibungu, ezihlala emanzini ngokuphelele futhi ezimhlophe, zihlala ku-rhizosphere. Iningi lomonakalo uvela ezibungwini ezidla izimpande, ezithinta izitshalo lokho babukeka bebancane futhi bathela kancane. Abantu abadala benza amacembe amade, amancanyana.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukuhlasela kwabo kuthanda i izimbali ezikhulayookuqhudelana ngemisoco futhi kubhebhethekise ukwehla kokukhiqizwa. Ukuphathwa kwamanzi, ukuminyana kokutshala, namandla ezitshalo, kanye nezinyathelo zebhayoloji eziqondiswe ezigabeni zezibungu, konke kuyizinto ezibalulekile lapha.
Ifolda yeshidi noma iwinder
Abantu abadala abaphuzi abagqamile abanezimpawu ezimnyama ezinamagagasi, kanye nezibungu okuthi, lapho zondla, Bagoqa noma bagoqe amaqabunga ngemicu kasilika ukuphephela nokushwabadela i-limbo ngaphakathi. Uphawu lwencwadi yokufunda: amaqabunga agoqiwe kanye nemithambo emhlophe emide.
Ngale kokubukeka okungabukeki, inkinga iwukuthi isitshalo silahlekelwa indawo ye-photosynthetic ngesikhathi esibalulekile. Gada imiphetho nezindawo ezinokuminyana okuphezulu, futhi ubeke phambili ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo (i-Bt isebenza kahle ezibungwini) kanye nezinyathelo zamasiko zokunqamula umjikelezo.
I-Pudenta (Eusarcoris inconspicuus / Eysarcoris ventralis)
Isiphazamisi esinsundu, esingaba ngu-5 mm ubude, nge amachashazi amabili amhlophe asemhlane abonakala kakhuluIdlula ubusika uma isikhulile ezitshalweni ezizenzakalelayo eziseceleni. Entwasahlobo iqala ukusebenza otshanini basendle futhi, lapho kukhona indlebe ebonakalayo kanye nokusanhlamvu kwakhiwe, gxuma erayisiniIngaqeda kufika ezizukulwaneni ezimbili emkhankasweni.
Uphawu luyasinikeza: ungawabona ezindlebeni zombila esezakhiwe. ama-nymphs kanye nabantu abadala abadlayoIzinhlamvu ezithintekile ziba zingenalutho, zikhubazeke, noma zibe namabala; ngisho nengxenye encane ingase ukumosha izivumelwano zohweboUkuze unciphise ingcindezi, susa ama-margin stocks (isb., Umsila wekati) kanye Ivikela endlebeni ebonakalayo kuya kokusanhlamvu okunobisiUkugxilisa, lapho kufaneleka, ukwelashwa kuma-perimeters kanye nomugqa obanzi wonqenqema.
Izifo eziyinhloko zelayisi
I-Rice blast noma i-Pyricularia (i-Magnaporthe oryzae)
I-fungus ebangela "ukushiswa" okudumile kwenzeka emaqabunga izindawo eziyisiyingi njengembobo kakhiyeImpunga phakathi nendawo enomngcele omnyama ochazwe kahle, ongaba ngu-1-1,5 cm ububanzi. Ingakhula emaqhumeni, kuma-panicles, kanye nokusanhlamvu. Ungayiphambanisi ne-helminthosporiosis: uma kunjalo, izilonda zikhona emikhulu futhi ekhombe ngaphezulu.
Izindawo zabo zokukhosela ziyi- imbewu ehlaselwe, izinsalela zesivuno sangaphambilini, notshani obuzenzakalelayoIdinga amanzi awuketshezi eqabungeni namazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-21°C; ibuye ihlotshaniswe nayo ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa okuqinile nokunisela ngamanzi abandayo kakhulu. Iphinde iphumelele emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-15-28°C kanye nomswakama ophakeme kakhulu ohlobene namahora angaphezu kuka-10 alandelanayo.
Mayelana nokuphatha, inikeza ukuvikelwa kusukela ekuqaleni: imbewu yokubulala amagciwane/ukukhulelwa Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela nokuvikela izimila kusenesikhathi lapho kutholwa amabala okuqala. Uma uhlobo lwakho luzwela futhi ludinga ukutshalwa kabusha, lubalulekile Ungasebenzisi umkhiqizo ofanayo ngokulandelana; zungezisa izindlela zesenzo ukugwema ukumelana.
Ukhula oluyinkinga nokuphathwa kwalo
I-Leersia oryzoides
Utshani bezindawo zokuhlala ezimanzi noma ezigcwele izikhukhula ezineziqu ezifika ku-1 m, amaqabunga kubi kakhulu ekuthinteni (i-membranous ligule emfishane) kanye nempande ene-rhizomatous. Ithela izithelo ekupheleni komjikelezo futhi iwise imbewu yayo kusenesikhathi. Ithumela ama-suckers kusuka amafindo athintana nomhlabathi futhi angenza ama-tangles amboze irayisi. Ucezu ngalunye lwesitshalo lusebenza njengokusikwa okungenzeka, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukusiphula ngokuphelele.
Ngokuncintisana ngokukhanya nezakhamzimba, Yehlisa ukusebenza futhi inyuse izindleko zokuqapha.futhi ingenza nokutshala kungenzeki lapho kunezihlava ezinzima. Ukhiye uku bona futhi ungenelele kusenesikhathi, uma ilawuleka mathupha, futhi inqamule isingeniso kumapayipi amanzi noma emishinini.
Ukwelapha (izincomo ezijwayelekile)
- Usa imbewu eqinisekisiwe mahhala kwe-Leersia futhi iqinisa ukuhlolwa emaphethelweni.
- Ikhomba futhi isusa ngokushesha noma yisiphi isitshalo esingasodwa esivelayo.
Uma kukhona ubukhona obuphansi
- Ukuqala mathupha ngaphambi kokwakheka kwezixuku eziminyene.
- Ezindaweni zokuvukela, i-herbicide egunyaziwe njengokwesekwa okuqondile.
Lapho sibhekene nokuhlasela okukhulu
- Qala lapho ukuminyana kuvumela futhi iphatha amabala anzima.
- UValora phatha lonke uhlelo ngomkhiqizo ogunyaziwe futhi ungagundi uma ukuhlakazeka kuphezulu.
- Hlanza kahle imishini Ngaphambi kokuyithuthela kwezinye iziza, qala ngendawo ethinteke kakhulu.
- Vuna ekugcineni iziza ezigcwele ukugwema ukusabalalisa impahla yezitshalo.
- Ngemva kokuvuna, izikhukhula ukubangela ukuphindeka futhi usebenzise umuthi wokulwa nokhula ngokumelene nama-rhizomes.
- Ezikhanyeni ezinamandla kakhulu, ngokugunyazwa, utshani obuvuthayo ukuqeda impahla yokusabalalisa.
I-Leptochloa fusca (umsila waseMelika)
Kusabalele emasimini elayisi, anezinhlobo ezincane i-uninervia kanye ne-fascicularisIsiqu esiqondile, esincanyana, esingafika ku-1,5 m ubude, amaqabunga amade ane-midrib ecacile, ama-inflorescences kuma-panicle axege futhi ama-spikelets ahlakazeka kalulaImbewu (1-1,5 mm) ivuthwa ngokushesha futhi iwe ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokuvuna, iqhubekisela phambili ibhange lembewu.
Isungulwa ngokuyinhloko ku amamajini aswakeme kakhulu kodwa awagcwelekusuka lapho ithatha itulo. Umjikelezo omfushane, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu ephezulu kanye nokusabalalisa kalula. Iqhudelana kakhulu ngezinsiza kanye Igqame ngaphezu kwerayisi ekupheleni komkhankaso, ukulala phansi futhi kwakha leso sici "umsila".
Impi igxile ekuvimbeleni: imbewu eqinisekisiwe, ukuhlanzwa kwemishini kanye nokugadwa komngcele. Uma usungaphakathi, sebenzisa. ukuqala ngesandla noma nini lapho kungenzeka futhi, uma kungenjalo, uphendukela ekulawuleni amakhemikhali okugunyaziwe, izindlela ezishintshayo zokwenza ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle.
Izinambuzane ezihlaselayo okufanele uziqaphele: umnenke wama-apula (Pomacea spp.)
I-gastropod mollusk yomndeni wakwa-Ampullariidae; eSpain, ibaluleke kakhulu. I-Pomacea maculataItholakala endaweni yase-Amazon futhi ibalwe phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlasela kakhulu emhlabeni. Igobolondo elikhulu, elicwebezelayo, eliphuzi elinamabhande amnyama, unyawo olunsundu ngokumpunga; ingafinyelela kufika ku-15 cm.
Es i-voracious herbivore zezitshalo zasemanzini. Izalela amaqanda ayo ngaphandle kwamanzi, phakathi ama-compact mass, apinki ajulile ezishabalala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-clutch ngayinye ivamise ukuqukatha amaqanda angama-300-800 futhi angadlula ku-2000. Achanyuselwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyi-15 kanti amaphuphu afinyelela ekuvuthweni kwezocansi ezinyangeni ezi-2-3. Ezindaweni ezipholile, isikhathi sokuzala sithatha cishe April/May kuya ku October/November, lapho ubusika bugqitshwa ezindaweni ezinomswakama, i-operculum ivala igobolondo.
Erayisini, umonakalo ugxile isithombo kanye godchildnokulahlekelwa okungafinyelela ku-60-90% uma inani labantu liqhuma. Ihlakazeke yonke indawo buoyancy kanye zamanje njengokukhasa phezulu komfula emhlabathini.
Ungakumisa kanjani? Ikhono layo lokuzivala nge-operculum liyenza imelane nesimo sezulu kanye nokwelashwa, ngakho ukulawula kusemqoka. ukuvimbela ngokuyinhlokoUkuhlanza okuphoqelekile kwemishini kusuka ezindaweni ezinobukhona be Izithiyo ezingokomzimba emapayipini amanzi nasezindaweni eziphakeme noma ezinendololwane. Isebenza ensimini. ukuze zome ngemva kokuvuna kanye nokuqoqa ama-specimens namaqanda ngesandla eziqintini, emiseleni nasemaceleni.
Ukuphatha okudidiyelwe kanye nokulawulwa kwemvelo: izinsika ezisebenzayo
Ukuqapha
Ukuhlola okuvamile kuvumela ukutholwa kwe izimpawu zakuqala kanye namazinga okuthelelekaEmanzini ajulile, kunomonakalo ocashile (izimpande, i-rhizosphere) ongabonakali, ngakho-ke hlanganisa ukubhekwa kwamaqabunga, iziqu, kanye nesisekelo samathila. amahlumela afile, amaqabunga agoqene, ama-streaks amhlophe I-Molasses equkethe isikhunta se-sooty ingaheha izinambuzane. Izicupho ze-Pheromone kanye nesampula enqenqemeni zingamathuluzi abalulekile.
Ukulawulwa kwamasiko
Izindlela zokulima ziwumugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela: Vala izitshalo Ukuze borers, ukulima deep ehlobo for veza izibungu neziphungumangathiUkususwa kwezinduku "ezinenhliziyo efile" nokuphathwa kwamanzi (isb., ukushintshanisa ukuchelela kanye nezikhawu zokomisa nqamula imijikelezo yezinambuzane zasemanzini). Ukulindela izikhukhula kanye gwema ukutshala sekwephuzile inciphisa izinkinga nge-chironomids.
Khetha izinhlobo ezingazweli noma ezibekezelayo Uma kutholakala, cabangela futhi uhlole izinhlelo ezifana Nokuqinisa Ilayisi (SRI) ukuze uthuthukise amandla ezimpande, uthuthukise ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, futhi wenze ukuchelela kube ngcono. Lawula uhlaza olusemaphethelweni (isb., umsila wekati) esebenza njengendawo yokukhosela yezimbungulu ezifana nama-pustules.
Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo
Ngaphansi kwesambulela se-IPM, izinto eziphilayo zibekwe kuqala kunezamakhemikhali. Kunezindlela ezine ezivelele: izinto zemvelo (isibonelo, i-neem azadirachtin ukuphazamisa ukukhula kwezinambuzane), i-semiochemicals ukuheha izingibe noma ukushintsha ukuziphatha, amagciwane ezifana nezibungu ze-borers, leafhoppers namafolda amaqabunga, kanye ama-macrobios (izilwane ezizingelayo kanye nama-parasitoids afana neminyovu ehlasela izibungu/abavukuzi).
Ukusetshenziswa okunesibopho kwemikhiqizo ye-phytosanitary
Uma, ngemva kokuqeda izinketho ezingezona zamakhemikhali, ukungenelela kusadingeka, khetha imikhiqizo engcuphe ephansi, ehlanganiswe kahle nesu le-IPM kanye nezeluleko zobuchwepheshe zasendaweni (kuhlanganise nezinto zokuzivikela ezifanele). E-Spain, inkomba esemthethweni yi- I-MAPA Plant Protection Products Registry, ngolwazi oluvela ukugunyazwa kanye nokusetshenziswa.
Khumbula ukuthi le database ine Kungokwezinjongo zokwaziswa kuphela futhi kungase kungabi sesikhathini samanje.Into ephusile ongayenza ukuqinisekisa umkhankaso ngamunye futhi, uma ungabaza, uxhumane nawo ngekheli le-imeyili elinikezwe kuwebhusayithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamathuluzi asemthethweni okuxilonga avela eMnyangweni angasiza. qinisekisa izinambuzane noma isifo ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo.
Izaziso nezinsiza zosekelo lobuchwepheshe
I-Los izinsiza zezempilo zezitshalo zesifunda Bashicilela izaziso ezivamile ngesimo sezempilo sezitshalo. Uzothola amanqampunqampu kanye nezixwayiso e-Andalusia (RAIF), Isifunda sase-Murcia, i-Valencian Community, i-Aragon, i-Castile ne-León, i-Castile-La Mancha, i-La Rioja, i-Galicia (i-Areeiro Phytopathological Station kanye ne-Meteogalicia), i-Balearic Islands, i-Asturias, kanye izikhungo ezifana ne-IRTA, NEIKER, INTIA nabanye. Lawa manethiwekhi, kanye nezincwadi zobuchwepheshe kanye namaphrojekthi ocwaningo, Babuyekeza imikhawulo, izinsuku zendiza, namasu ukuphathwa komkhankaso ngamunye.
Ibhiliyografi yobuchwepheshe esetshenziswa izinhlangano zomphakathi nezikhungo zocwaningo ihlanganisa amaphepha amaqiniso, izifundo namamanuwali kuma-chironomids, i-Pyricularia, iminenke yama-apula, ukuphathwa kokhula okufana ne-Leersia ne-Leptochloa, kanye nomsebenzi wokuxilonga i-pathogen eSpain. Bheka lezi zinsiza kanye ne izimpawu ze-phytosanitary Kuyasiza ukulungisa izinqumo zibe ngokoqobo kwendawo ngayinye.
Ukubuka okuhlelekile nokutholwa kusenesikhathi Benza umehluko. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuqapha okuhle, ukulawula kwamasiko okukhaliphile (ukutshala, amanzi, amaphethelo), i-bioprotection ekhethwe kahle Futhi, lapho kudingekile, ngokungenelela kwamakhemikhali okukhethayo naphendukayo, irayisi imelana nokuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane, isikhunta, ama-molluscs, nokhula kangcono kakhulu. Ngendlela esebenzayo ehlanganiswe nezixwayiso ezisemthethweni, isivuno, ikhwalithi, kanye nemvelo kugcinwa ngaphandle kokugembula ngenkathi yokukhula.
