Uma sekuyisikhathi sokulungisa ingadi noma i-balcony njalo ngesizini, Omunye wemibuzo evame ukubuzwa ukuthi kufanele wenzeni ngayo yonke leyo nhlabathi endala esele emabhodweni nasezitshalweni.Uma uyibheka okokuqala, ibonakala isasebenziseka; ayinaphunga elibi futhi igcina ukuthungwa okwamukelekayo, ngakho abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi kungumqondo omuhle yini ukuyisebenzisa kabusha njengoba injalo. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningana bezingadi, kuhlanganise nomfundisi odumile uBrigitte Goss, baphikelela ngokuthi ukubukeka kungakhohlisa.
Njengoba izinyanga zihamba, Lesi sitshalo esibonakala “siphelele” sivame ukuphelelwa izakhamzimba, siqine, futhi ngezinye izikhathi sigcwele izimpande ezifile, isikhunta, noma ngisho nezibungu.Lokho akusho ukuthi kufanele uyilahle ngqo ebhodweni noma emqubeni, kodwa kusho ukuthi kufanele uyiphathe ngokucophelela. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi, ngokulandela izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezithile, leyo nhlabathi ingavuselelwa futhi ibe yindawo enhle yokukhulisa izitshalo ezintsha, okuzokongela imali nezinsiza.
Iyini ngempela “inhlabathi endala” futhi kungani kungafanele isetshenziswe kabusha?
Ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi uzokwenzenjani ngokuqukethwe yizimbiza zakho zezimbali, Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yini ebhekwa njengenhlabathi endala nokuthi kungani ochwepheshe bencoma ukuthi bangaphinde bayisebenzise njengoba injalo.I-substrate eye yasekela izitshalo ezinempilo isikhathi esithile ayifani nenhlabathi eshiywe emshinini wokwakha iminyaka eminingi, ivezwe emvuleni, elangeni nasokhula.
Ezitsheni nasezitshalweni, Izitshalo kancane kancane zidla izakhamzimba ezitholakalayo.Nakuba inhlabathi ingase ibonakale imnyama futhi "iphila," i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium, kanye nezakhi ezincane kuye kwancishiswa ukukhula kwezimpande, iziqu, amaqabunga nezimbali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma utshala into edingayo endaweni efanayo ngaphandle kokuyithuthukisa, isitshalo cishe sizoqala kahle kodwa bese sima noma sigule.
Ngaphezu kwesici sokudla okunempilo, Ukunisela isikhathi kanye nokunisela okuqhubekayo kukhuthaza ukuminyana kwe-substrateIzimbobo ziyavaleka. amanzi okunisela Ayikhiphi kahle amanzi futhi umoya ungena kanzima. Umphumela uba inhlabathi enzima eqinile uma yomile futhi ngezinye izikhathi ingamunci kahle amanzi okunisela, okubangela ukuba igeleze isuke emaceleni ebhodwe bese ilahleka ngaphandle kokumanzisa indawo yezimpande.
Ekugcineni, Ingozi yezinambuzane nezifo ezihlala "zilele" enhlabathini akufanele ithathwe kancane.Izinsalela zezimpande ezinesifo, izinhlayiya zesikhunta, amaqanda ezinambuzane, noma ama-nematode zingahlala zilele phansi, zilinde ukuthola izimpande ezintsha, ezithambile ezizodla kuzo. Ukusebenzisa kabusha inhlabathi ngaphandle kokuyihlola noma ukuyiphatha kuyisimemo esivulekile sokuphinda izinkinga.
Ukuhluza nokuhlanza: isinyathelo sokuqala esikhulu sokubuyisa umhlaba
Esinye sezeluleko eziphindaphindwa kakhulu ezivela kochwepheshe ukuthi Inhlabathi endala akufanele isetshenziswe kabusha njengoba iphuma ebhodweniIsinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile ukuvinjelwa, inqubo elula kodwa eyenza umehluko phakathi kwesisekelo esiyinkinga kanye nesisekelo esiphephile sokusebenzela kuso.
Okokuqala, Thulula yonke inhlabathi ebhodweni noma emshinini wokutshala uyiyise esitsheni esikhulu noma ethanginiUma kungenzeka, hlukanisa impande yesitshalo sangaphambilini bese uhlukanisa ngesandla noma yiziphi izingcezu ezinkulu, amagatsha, amatshe, noma izinsalela zamalebula kanye nepulasitiki. Uma inhlabathi ihlanzekile uma ifika esisefweni, kulapho umsebenzi uzoba lula khona.
Ngemuva kwalokho Dlulisa i-substrate ngesihlungo noma ngesihlungi nge-mesh ephakathi nendawoAkudingeki kube kuhle kakhulu: umgomo akukhona ukuguqula inhlabathi ibe yimpuphu, kodwa ukususa izimpande ezomile, izingcezu zesiqu, amatshe, nanoma yiziphi izakhi eziqinile ezingasafaki lutho. Okusele phezu kwesihlungo kungaba yimfucumfucu yokhuni, izimpande ezinde, noma ngisho nezingcezu zenhlabathi ezixinene kakhulu.
Lesi sinyathelo asigcini nje ngokuhlanza ingxube, Iphinde ivuselele umoya enhlabathini, ihlukanise amaqoqo futhi ibuyisele ukuthungwa okuxegayo nokumnandi.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusiza ukunciphisa ingcindezi evela ezinambuzaneni ezingaba khona, ngoba izibungu eziningi zezinambuzane, ama-pupae, nezidleke ziyabhajwa kanye nemfucumfucu eqinile futhi azidluleli endaweni entsha oyilungiselelayo.
Ezimweni lapho usola khona izinkinga ezinkulu zesikhunta noma izinambuzane, Ungagcwalisa ukuvinjelwa ngokwelashwa ngokushisaUma ubheka inani elincane, enye indlela iwukusabalalisa inhlabathi emanzi kancane kuthreyi yokubhaka (hhayi ngaphezu kuka-8-10 cm ubukhulu) bese uyishisa cishe ku-140°C isigamu sehora. Umusi okhiqizwayo usiza ekuhlanzeni i-substrate, unciphise umthwalo we-pathogen. Kuma-planter amakhulu noma imibhede ephakanyisiwe, kukhona ukushiswa kwelanga: mboza i-substrate emanzi ngepulasitiki (kungcono ibe mnyama) amasonto amaningana phakathi nengxenye eshisayo yonyaka, usebenzise ilanga ukukhulisa izinga lokushisa lenhlabathi nokususa izinto eziningi ezingafuneki.
Indlela yokubuyisela izakhamzimba ku-substrate enciphile
Uma inhlabathi isidlulile ngesihlungo futhi, uma kudingeka, ngokwelashwa ngokushisa, Isigaba esibalulekile sifika: ukudluliselwa kwe-refertilization kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokudla okunempiloEzimweni eziningi, inkinga enkulu ngenhlabathi endala ukuthi "ayinazo" izakhamzimba, noma ngabe igcina isakhiwo esamukelekayo.
Ochwepheshe batusa ukuqala ngengxube lapho cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kufanele zibe yinhlabathi endala kanti ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kufanele zibe yi-substrate entsha, esezingeni eliphezuluLokhu kwengezwa kwenhlabathi entsha akugcini nje ngokuletha izakhamzimba, kodwa futhi kuvame ukufaka izinguquko ezifana ne-coconut fiber, i-perlite, noma igxolo, okubuyisela ukuthamba nokuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamanzi. Lesi silinganiso sisebenza kahle kakhulu ezitshalweni ezingadingi kakhulu.
Ngezitshalo ezithambile noma lezo eziqhakaza izinyanga eziningi—isibonelo, izimbali ezijwayelekile ze-balcony ezihlala ziqhakaza ihlobo lonke—, ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi kudlulele phambili. Ngaphezu kwaleso sithathu se-substrate entsha, kuyalulekwa ukwengeza ingxenye yomquba ovuthiwe kahle, ama-worm castings, noma omunye umanyolo we-organic ozinzile. Lezi zilungiso ze-organic zithuthukisa ukuzala kwesikhathi eside futhi zondla impilo ye-microbial yenhlabathi, okuholela ezitshalweni eziqinile nezondlekile kahle.
Esinye isincomo esivamile yilesi faka umanyolo we-organic okhipha kancane kancanenjenge-horn shavings, ufulawa wedwala, noma umanyolo we-organic granular. Le mikhiqizo ikhipha izakhamzimba kancane kancane phakathi nenkathi yokukhula, ivimbela ukwanda komanyolo futhi inciphise ingozi yokushiswa yizimpande. Ezitshalweni nasezindaweni eziphakeme, lapho ivolumu ye-substrate ilinganiselwe khona, leli cebo lisiza ukugcina izinga lezakhamzimba elizinzile ngaphandle kwesidingo somanyolo owuketshezi oqhubekayo.
Emadroweni nasematafuleni okukhulisa lapho isisekelo silahlekelwe khona yivolumu eminyakeni edlule, Isixazululo esisebenzayo ukugcwalisa isikhala esingekho nge-substrate entsha bese uyixuba kahle nendala.Ngemuva kwalokho, kufakwa ungqimba olwengeziwe lwezinto eziphilayo (umquba noma i-humus) ngaphezulu, oluzofakwa ngokunisela kanye nomsebenzi wezikelemu zomhlaba kanye nezinambuzane ezincane.
Ezitsheni ezinezitshalo ezihlala isikhathi eside ezingadingi ukutshalwa kabusha njalo, Esikhundleni sokushintsha yonke inhlabathi njalo, kungcono ukugcina inqubo enhle yokuvundisa.Uma nje i-substrate ikhipha amanzi kahle futhi ingavimbekile ngokuphelele ngezimpande, ungqimba olungaphezulu kuphela olungavuselelwa futhi umanyolo we-organic noma we-liquid ungangezwa ngesikhathi sokukhula.
Uma inhlabathi isiqinile futhi ingasamunci amanzi
Enye yezinkinga ezikhungathekisa kakhulu lapho usebenzisa kabusha i-substrate endala ukuthola ukuthi, Ngemva kwesikhathi sesomiso, umhlabathi usuqine kangangokuthi amanzi ayageleza futhi awangeni.Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngezingxube eziqukethe i-peat eningi noma nge-substrates ebezihlala elangeni isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokunisela.
Kulezi zimo, ngaphambi kokuxuba inhlabathi nezinye izingxenye, kufanele buyisela amanzi emzimbeni ngendlela efaneleUma umane unisela usuka phezulu ngethini lokunisela, amanzi azothola imifantu kanye nezindlela ezikhethwayo, kodwa ingxenye enkulu yangaphakathi izohlala yomile. Yingakho ukusebenzisa isenzo se-capillary kusebenza kakhulu.
Ubuchwepheshe buqukethe Beka inhlabathi eyomile ezitsheni zokutshala noma ezimbizeni ezinemigodi yokukhipha amanzi bese ubeka lezi zitsha ngaphakathi kwetreyi noma ebhakedeni lamanzi.Vumela amanzi akhuphuke kusukela phansi aye phezulu cishe amahora angama-24. I-substrate izomunca kancane kancane umswakama ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kokudala amaphakethe omile ngaphakathi. Ngemva kwaleso sikhathi, ukuthungwa kuzothuthuka kakhulu futhi uzokwazi ukusebenza nayo kalula.
Uma i-substrate isimanziswe kahle, Sekuyisikhathi sokuyixuba nezinye izinto ukuze kuthuthukiswe isakhiwo sayo.Lapha ungayihlanganisa ne-substrate entsha, i-perlite, isihlabathi esiqinile, i-coconut fiber, noma i-pine bark, kuye ngohlobo lwesitshalo. Isihluthulelo ukuthola ingxube enomoya egcina umswakama kodwa engagcwali amanzi.
Uma inkinga ivela emthonjeni—okungukuthi, uma isisekelo besivele sisezingeni eliphansi, sinodaka kakhulu, noma sinokungcola okubi—, Kungaba kuhle ukususa ingxenye ebalulekile bese uyishintsha ngengxube ethile, esezingeni eliphezulu.Ezitshalweni ezakhiwe ngaphakathi ezigcwele "inhlabathi yendawo", kuvamile kakhulu ukuthola ubumba obuningi noma imfucumfucu yokwakha (imfucumfucu, iplasta, upende) okwenza kube nzima ukutshala imifino noma izitshalo ezithambile.
Izinambuzane, isikhunta, nezinye izingozi ezifihliwe enhlabathini esetshenzisiwe
Nakuba izwe lingase libonakale limsulwa ekuqaleni, Izinambuzane zonyaka odlule zingase zibe khona ngesimo samaqanda, izibungu, noma ama-spores.Ama-nematode, isikhunta sentamo, omiyane besikhunta, nezinye izitha zisebenzisa ithuba lokuvikelwa kwenhlabathi ukuze ziphile kusukela kwesinye isizini kuya kwesinye.
Uma imbiza yezimbali ihlaselwe kakhulu—ngokwesibonelo, izimpande ezimnyama ngenxa yesikhunta, izitshalo ezibola entanyeni, noma ukuhlaselwa okunzima okuvela ezinambuzaneni zomhlabathi—, kuyalulekwa ukuba uqaphele kakhulu. Kulezi zimo, ukuxuba nje ne-substrate entsha akwanele ngaso sonke isikhathi; umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo ezibangela izifo kumele wehliswe ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuhlanza i-oven ngamanani amancane kanye nokuhlanza ilanga ngamanani amakhulu sekukhulunyiwe kakade, kodwa Ungakhetha futhi ukusebenzisa leyo nhlabathi ezindaweni ezingabalulekile kangakoIsibonelo, yisebenzise njengesisekelo ezitshalweni ezijulile, uyimboze ngesendlalelo esikhulu se-substrate entsha phezulu, noma uyisebenzise ezindaweni zokuhlobisa zengadi lapho ukwehluleka okungenzeka kungekubi kangako njengasengadini yemifino.
Kunoma yikuphi, Uma ukutheleleka kube nolaka kakhulu futhi kuphindeka unyaka nonyaka, ngezinye izikhathi inketho ehlakaniphile kakhulu ukulahla inhlabathi ethintekile.Akukhona ukulahla konke ngenxa yenkinga encane, kodwa kunalokho kumayelana nokulinganisa izindleko zokuzama "ukuvuselela" isisekelo esiyinkinga kakhulu ngokuqala phansi ngengxube enempilo.
Iqhinga eliwusizo qaphela ngokucophelela isimo sezimpande zesitshalo esihlale ebhodweni bese ubheka izimpawu zokufakelwaUma izimpande zimhlophe, ziqinile, futhi ziningi, kuyisibonakaliso esihle futhi sibonisa ukuthi inhlabathi, yize inciphile, ayinazo izifo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma zibonakala zinsundu, zinobuthi, zinephunga elibi, noma zingekho nhlobo, kungenzeka ukuthi kube nenkinga ngesikhunta noma ukuphelelwa amandla kwezimpande.
Ukusebenzisa kabusha izikhwama zenhlabathi zonyaka odlule: izingozi nokuthi ungazinciphisa kanjani
Omunye umbuzo ovamile ukuthi kufanele wenzeni ngalabo izikhwama ze-substrate ezishiywe zivuliwe ingxenye noma zingavulwanga kusukela ngesizini edluleUma uqala ukubona kubonakala kuyihlazo ukungabasizi ngalutho, kodwa kufanelekile ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani ngaphakathi kubo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izindawo eziningi zokuhweba ziza zicebile ngomanyolo osetshenziswa efektri, owenzelwe ukunikeza izakhamzimba ezanele phakathi namasonto noma izinyanga zokuqala zokulimaNgokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinye zalezi zakhi ziyabola noma zikhishwa ngokungalawuleki ngaphakathi kwesikhwama, okushintsha usawoti kanye nokulinganisela kwamakhemikhali endaweni ezungezile. Ngisho nasezitsheni ezivaliwe, ingxube yangaphakathi iyaqhubeka nokuguquka.
Ochwepheshe abanjengoBrigitte Goss baxwayisa ngokuthi, Ngemva konyaka wokugcina, leyo substrate ingaba nosawoti omningi noma ingalingani ukusetshenziswa njengoba injalo.Usawoti omningi ungalimaza izimpande ezincane, ubangele ukusha kwezimpande, futhi uvimbele ukumuncwa kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke, akukhuthazwa ukugcwalisa imbiza ngenhlabathi evela esikhwameni esidala bese utshala ngqo kuyo.
Isixazululo esihlakaniphile kakhulu yilesi hlanganisa leyo substrate endala enezikhwama nenani elilinganayo le substrate entsha noma nomhlabathi osetshenziswe ngaphambilini, obuyiselweLokhu kunciphisa noma yikuphi usawoti ongaba khona futhi kulungisa ukungalingani kokudla okunempilo. Kungahlanganiswa futhi nomquba noma ama-worm castings ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo somhlabathi nokukhuthaza impilo yamagciwane.
Uma isaka livuliwe futhi livezwe esimweni sezulu, Hlola ukuthi akukho sikhunta esibonakalayo, iphunga elibi, noma izindawo ezixineneyo nezigcwele amanzi.Uma ungabaza, sebenzisa leyo nto endala ukuze uthuthukise izindawo ezingazweli kakhulu engadini, njengemibhede yezimbali yokuhlobisa, esikhundleni sokuyisebenzisa ezitsheni ezinezitshalo noma imifino ethambile ukuze idliwe.
Izibonelo ezisebenzayo: izitshalo ezakhelwe ngaphakathi, izimbiza zangaphakathi kanye nezingadi zezitsha
Lo mbono ulungile, kodwa uma kukhulunywa ngawo, Uhlobo ngalunye lwesitsha kanye nesimo ngasinye kudinga izici ezihlukile.Isitshalo esikhulu esakhelwe ngaphakathi phezu kwesimende asifani nebhodwe elincane egumbini lokuphumula noma umbhede wengadi ophakanyisiwe ethala.
Ezitshalweni ezakhiwe ezakhiweni ezintsha, Kuvamile ukuthi umakhi agcwalise nje ngenhlabathi evela endaweni uqobo.Le nhlabathi ivame ukuba namatshe, imfucumfucu yokwakha, ngisho nezinsalela zamakhemikhali, futhi inobumba kakhulu noma isihlabathi kakhulu kuye ngendawo. Kulezi zimo, abalimi abaningi bakhetha ukususa okungenani u-30-40 cm wengqimba ephezulu bese beyishintsha ngenhlabathi enkulu yengadi efanele ukutshalwa.
Esinye isimo esivamile yileso sesitshalo esakhelwe ngaphakathi esiye savezwa yisimo sezulu iminyaka eminingi, ngaphandle kohlelo lokulima olucacile futhi olugcwele ukhulaInhlabathi inokwakheka okufana nesiponji, yomile kakhulu, futhi igcwele izimpande zokhula. Inqubo efanelekile lapha ihilela ukususa izitshalo ezingafuneki, ukukhipha ungqimba oluyi-10 kuya ku-20 cm, ukulukhulula ngegeja, ukufaka umquba noma umquba obolile kahle, nokuxuba konke kahle ngaphambi kokutshala.
Uma kwenzeka izimbiza zangaphakathi, Ikhwalithi ye-substrate kanye nokuphefumula kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu.Izitshalo zasendlini zisengozini enkulu yokunisela ngokweqile, ukukhanya okwanele, kanye nokungena komoya okungekuhle. Ingxube endala, ecinene, futhi engakhiphi kahle amanzi iyindawo efanele yokuzalela isikhunta kanye nokubola kwezimpande. Ngakho-ke, kuyalulekwa ukuthi uvuselele njalo ungqimba oluphezulu lwengxube yezitshalo, uqaphe amanzi, futhi, lapho utshala kabusha, uthathe ithuba lokuhlola impilo yezimpande.
Iseluleko esithile kuye ngohlobo lwesitshalo
Akuzona zonke izitshalo ezidinga izinga elifanayo lokunakekelwa uma kukhulunywa nge-substrate, ngakho-ke Kunengqondo ukuvumelanisa indlela osebenzisa ngayo umhlaba ukuze uvumelane nohlobo lwesitshalo ofuna ukusinakekela.Amanye amaqembu abekezelela kangcono i-substrate esetshenziswe kancane, kanti amanye ayazisa ukuxuba okucebile nokusha.
Isibonelo, Izitshalo eziqhakaza ekuqaleni kwesizini zivame ukuba nesidingo esincane ngokwezakhamzimba.Ama-spring bulbs noma ezinye izinhlobo eziqhakaza ngokushesha zingachuma ngengxube enengxenye ephezulu yenhlabathi endala, uma nje ihlungiwe futhi ihlanganiswe okungenani nengxenye yesithathu ye-substrate entsha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izimbali ze-balcony" kanye nezinye izitshalo eziqhakaza izimbali ezindeLezi zitshalo zidinga ukuhlinzekwa njalo kwezakhamzimba ukuze zisekele amahlumela nezimbali kulo lonke ihlobo. Kulezi zimo, ngaphezu kwenhlabathi endala engu-2/3 + ingxube entsha engu-1/3 ye-substrate, kubalulekile ukwengeza umanyolo we-organic (umquba, izingcezu zempondo, i-humus) kanye, uma kungenzeka, umanyolo okhipha kancane.
Ama-Succulents nama-cacti, ngokwawo, Zizwela kakhulu ekuswakameni ngokweqile kanye nasezindaweni ezincane.Uma ufuna ukusebenzisa kabusha inhlabathi lapho kukhule khona izitshalo ezinamaqabunga aluhlaza, qiniseka ukuthi ikhipha amanzi kahle. Kunconywa ukuxuba inhlabathi endala ehlungiwe nesihlabathi esiqinile, inhlabathi encane, noma i-perlite, okudala i-substrate enamaminerali amaningi. Uma utshala kabusha, phatha izimpande ngokucophelela, uzama ukungonakalisi izimpande kakhulu, futhi ugweme ukunisela ngokweqile ngokushesha ngemva kokukhulisa kabusha.
Emifinweni ejulile, njengotamatisi noma upelepele otshalwe emabhodweni, Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabaningi abathanda izinto zokuzilibazisa kubonisa ukuthi ingxenye yomhlaba ingasetshenziswa kusukela onyakeni kuya kolandelayo.Kodwa njalo ukuvuselela ingxenye ebalulekile, ukwengeza umquba, nokuthuthukisa isakhiwo somhlabathi. Ukutshala utamatisi izinkathi eziningana zilandelana endaweni efanayo ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa cishe kuyisiqinisekiso sokukhathala nezinkinga zezifo.
Ekugcineni, Isihluthulelo ukubheka ukusabela kwezitshalo futhi ungesabi ukulungisa ingxube.Uma ubona ukuthi izitshalo ezintsha zikhula kancane, ziphenduka ziphuzi ngokushesha, noma aziqhakazi njengoba kufanele, isisekelo singadinga izinto eziphilayo ezengeziwe, amanzi angcono, noma umanyolo owengeziwe.
Ngokuhlanganiswa okufanele kokuhlungwa, ukuxubana okuhlakaniphile nenhlabathi entsha, kanye nokuphathwa kahle komanyolo, Leyo "nhlabathi endala" eyayibonakala sengathi ihloselwe udoti ingaphinde ibe ukusekelwa okuvundile nokuthembekile.Ukusebenzisa kabusha ngokuhlakanipha akuyona nje indlela engokwemvelo neyongayo, kodwa futhi kusiza ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi inhlabathi isebenza kanjani nokunakekela izitshalo zakho ngendlela eqaphelayo neqhubekayo.
