Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo nezitshalo zakho zikhula zinempilo futhi ziqinile, ngaphezu kwesineke esikhulu nothando, nakekela umhlabathi ngemikhuba eqhubekayoNjengoba wonke uMtshali wePur azi, inhlabathi kumele ivundiswe ngezikhathi ezithile, ikakhulukazi ezimbizeni, njengoba ilahlekelwa imisoco kalula. Enye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokwenza lokhu nge ubulongwe bemvelo. Umquba a Umanyolo we-organic Ilungele zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo nezitshalo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezivela ezilwaneni ezidla uhlaza ngaphandle kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Izinga lomquba lizoncika ku- ukudla kwezilwane kanye nenhlalakahle, ngakho inani lezinkomo ezidliswa emapulazini alifani nelezinkomo ezidlayo.
Kulesi sihloko uzothola, ngemininingwane eminingi, i izinhlobo zomquba nezici zazo, indlela yokukhetha okulungile, imithamo elinganiselwe, izinzuzo, izinyathelo zokuphepha zokusetshenziswa, ukuphatha, kanye nezinketho zokusimama ukuze kuncishiswe iphunga nokukhipha.
Uyini ubulongwe futhi kungani usetshenziswa?
El umquba Yakhiwa indle yezilwane kanye nomchamo, okuvame ukuxutshwa nawo impahla yokulala (utshani, uthuli), izinsalela zokudla kanye namanzi. Kungumanyolo ophelele nge I-NPK macronutrients (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium) kanye micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn, phakathi kwabanye). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza izinto eziphilayo, ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, ukungena komoya, ukugcinwa kwamanzi, kanye nomsebenzi wamagciwane. Ukwakheka kwayo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo, ukudla, ukuphathwa, kanye nohlelo lokugcina, ngakho akuwona wonke umquba ofanayo.
- Izinzuzo ezibalulekile: kuthuthukisa inzalo, kwandisa ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ithanda ama-microorganisms kanye ne-can ukunciphisa ukuguguleka.
- Ukucabanga: Ukuba umthombo wemvelo, yayo ukuhlukahluka kwenza umthamo ube nzima; futhi uma kusha kungaqukatha amagciwane kanye nembewu lokhula olungafunwa.
Izinkomba:
Izinhlobo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zomquba
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zomquba, ezinye zivame kakhulu kwezolimo ezichwepheshile kanti ezinye ezingadini zasemadolobheni noma emisebenzini yokuzilibazisa yasengadini. Kuzo zonke izimo, kuyatuswa umquba noma ovuthiwe ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo ukuze ugweme ukusha, iphunga kanye nobungozi bezempilo.
Umquba wamahhashi
Ihhashi belilokhu lisebenzisana nabantu emaphandleni, ngisho nendle yalo inkulu umthombo wezinto eziphilayo. Ilungele ukwenza umquba kanye ne-vermicomposting ngoba ibola kalula futhi utshani bayo buhlinzeka i-fibre yesakhiwo. Ngokuvamile inomsoco omaphakathi: cishe. 0,6% N, 0,6% P, 0,4% K futhi ulandelele izakhi. Ngakho-ke, kunganezelwa nge i-liquid worm castings uma ufuna ukuthuthukiswa okunomsoco okwengeziwe.
Inconyelwe i- izindawo ezigugulekile ngamakhono ayo oku i-aerate futhi i-fluff inhlabathi. Ezitshalweni ezidinga i-potassium (amazambane, okusanhlamvu), ibhalansi yayo futhi ukushisa kokubola kuthuthukisa ukwakheka nokukhipha amanzi. Njengoba ingaqukatha imbewu yokhula, kunconywa ukuyifaka umquba kahle.
E-Pur Plant, ukwenza umsebenzi wethu Umanyolo we-organic owenziwe ngamapellets omquba wamahhashi aseSpain, sithola impahla eluhlaza esikhungweni samahhashi sase-Levante Horses, lapho izilwane zigcinwa ngokukhululeka ukuze ukuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu. Ukuba seduze nendawo yokukhiqiza kuthanda a umnotho wendawo kanye nesimeme.
Umquba wezimvu
Umquba wezimvu ungomunye weminingi ecebile futhi elinganiselayo. Inikeza inani eliphezulu izakhamzimba namaminerali futhi yenza njenge i-microbial inoculant. Ngokuvamile ixutshwe notshani nezinwele, okwandisa umnikelo i-nitrogenIbola ngokushesha futhi ikhiphe izakhi ngesikhathi esifushane, ngakho-ke kuyafaneleka ungadluli umthamo ukugwema ukusha. Ireferensi evamile ngu 3-5 kg/m² emhlabathini ompofu, ukulungisa ngokuvumelana nokuhlaziya.
Ubulongwe benkomo
Isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezolimo zendabuko, ubulongwe benkomo kungaphezulu ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen kunabanye, ngamavelu acishe abe yi- 0,6% N, 0,3% P kanye no-0,4% K. It ivelele yayo okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-organic matter, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukwakheka komhlabathi namandla awo ukugcinwa kwamanziEzimweni ezibandayo, ibuye isetshenziswe njenge i-padding yemvelo. Kufanele ifakwe umquba ukuze inciphise amagciwane kanye nembewu herbal. Umthamo oyinkomba: 1-5 kg/m² ifakwe emhlabathini; njenge-mulch, amanani amakhulu angasetshenziswa njalo kude nentamo yesitshalo.
Umquba wenkukhu (i-chicken droppings)
Umquba wenkukhu uyingxube yendle eqinile newuketshezi, ngakho-ke yayo i-nitrogen iphezulu kakhuluUngumanyolo onamandla kodwa wawo acidity nengcebo ku football phoqa ukukugwema phakathi nenhlabathi calcareous. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxila kwayo kungabangela ukushisa uma kungafakwanga umquba noma kuhlanjululwe. Imithamo emihle neqaphile, isibonelo 20-30 g/m² njengesichibiyelo, ziyasebenza ku izitshalo ezinamaqabunga kanye nokukhuthaza i ukukhula kwezitshaloUmquba wezinkukhu (i-liquid ferment) wehlisa i-asidi futhi uvumela ukulinganisa okungcono.
Umquba wonogwaja
Kuyaziwa ngeyakhe amandla aphezulu okunomsoco, amanani alinganiselwe acashuniwe 4% N, 4% P kanye no-1% K. Ukugxila kanye nokuthambekela koku acidity, abakhiqizi abaningi bayakwenza vubela izinyanga ezingu-2-3 ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo. Abanye abantu bayayisebenzisa ngaphakathi amabhola omile ngqo emhlabathini ngenxa yefomethi yayo kanye nomswakama ophansi; Nokho, inketho ephephe kunazo zonke ukugwema ukushiswa faka umquba bese uyixuba nolunye ubulongwe noma i-carbonaceous matter.
Umquba wezimbuzi
De ukudla okunomsoco, ibola ngokushesha, ithuthukisa isakhiwo senhlabathi futhi ivuselela i umsebenzi microbial. Iyaziswa ngokuphatheka kwayo ezingadini zemifino kanye nengadi ye-DIY. Njengenkomba engokoqobo, zingasetshenziswa 0,5-2 kg/m² emhlabathini ompofu, ukulungisa ngokwezidingo kanye ukuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi. Ngobuningi kungase kube nzima ukuyithola.
Ubulongwe bezingulube
cunt okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, ngokuvamile iphathwa ngendlela ye udaka (uketshezi). Isetshenziswa kalula futhi imuncwe ngokushesha, kodwa idinga ukuqaphela ngenxa yephunga layo elinamandla namandla ayo Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi uma ingaphathwanga kahle. Isikhathi se ukujwayela ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo futhi njalo ngaphansi kwenqubo yobuchwepheshe, ukugwema ukusetshenziswa emhlabathini ogcwele amanzi noma otshekile.
I-Guano ne-worm humus
El isitibhili Kuwukuqoqwa kwendle evela amalulwane nezinyoni zasolwandle ezindaweni ezomile, ezinothe kakhulu I-NPKKungumanyolo isebenza kakhulu futhi, endabeni ye-bat guano, ukwamukelwa okubanzi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokulinywa kanye nokugxila kwayo okulinganiselwe. Ingasetshenziswa ku ifomu eliqinile noma eliwuketshezi, yize eyakhe Coste ngokuvamile iphakeme.
El Earthworm humus Kungumkhiqizo wokubola kwezinto eziphilayo yizibungu, ngokukhulu ukuzinza, ama-microorganisms anenzuzo kanye nama-humic compounds. Ithuthukisa i- isakhiwo senhlabathi, ivuselela i ukukhula futhi kwandisa ukumelana nezinambuzaneIwumphelelisi omangalisayo womquba wesintu.
Umquba uthi: fresh, semi-cured futhi welashiwe
Kukhona estados okuvamile: kusha, kwelashwe kancane futhi kwelashiwe. umquba omusha ingasetshenziswa ku i-solarization Ukuqeda izikelemu inhlabathi ezinambuzaneni, isikhunta kanye nezinhlamvu: yendlale umboze ingaphezulu, uyimboze nge upulasitiki futhi ishiywa elangeni izinyanga ezimbalwa, isebenzisa ukushisa nokuvutshelwa ukuze iqede izinambuzane.
El ubulongwe obulashiwe Ichithe isikhathi esithile ivuthwa elangeni (amasonto noma izinyanga, kuye ngengxube), ayibili, ayinuki, futhi ingasetshenziswa ngokuphepha. I -ngelapheki kukhona endaweni ethile phakathi. Kuzo zonke izimo, i- ukuvundisa okulawulwayo Kuyindlela ephephile kakhulu yokuzinzisa izakhi, ukunciphisa iphunga nokugwema i-phytotoxicity.
Ukwenza umquba, ukuphathwa kanye nezincomo ezisebenzayo
para thola okuhle kakhulu emqubeni, ivuthwe futhi/noma ivundise ngendlela efanele. Inqubo iyancipha amagciwane, imbewu zokhula kanye kunukaNgesikhathi sokwenza umquba, ezinye izakhamzimba ziyalahleka. i-nitrogen ekhulayo, ngakho-ke kuhle ukulinganisa ibhethri (isilinganiso se-C/N) futhi ucabange iminikelo ehambisanayo (isb. umlotha olaphe kahle we-K, noma i-humus ewuketshezi yama-micronutrients).
- Ukuhlaziya umhlabathi: inquma izidingo zangempela futhi igweme ukweqisa.
- Aplicación: ebusweni njengoba a egxiliwe o kufakiwe ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi omncane. Gwema ukuthintana ngqo neziqu.
- Isikhathi: kangcono ku ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo kanye nokufakelwa kabusha, noma ngemithamo ephansi njengesitshalo sekhava.
- Ukuzungezisa izitshalo: siza sebenzisa ngokunenzuzo imisoco futhi kuvimbele ukunqwabelana kwamagciwane.
Ukusimama, ukungcola kanye nokulawula i-ammonia
Umquba ungaphuma i-methane (CH4) y i-nitrous oxide (N2O) kuye ngokuthi ziphathwa kanjani. Ukuhlanganisa, ukumboza izinqwaba, ukuhlukanisa izigaba, nokusebenzisa ngezikhathi ezifanele kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Ezindaweni eziningi, umnikelo we-nitrogen ovela emithonjeni yezilwane iyalawulwa (isibonelo, 170 kg/ha ezindaweni ezisengozini), ukuvikela inhlabathi namanzi. Ukuphatha okunomthwalo wemfanelo kuyisihluthulelo a ezolimo ezisimeme.
La ukulele womquba ungagxilisa umsoco, unciphise umthamo kanye qeda iphunga, okuholela kumanyolo wenani eliphezulu. Ezinye izindlela ezinjengalezi biogas ngokugaya kwe-anaerobic noma umquba wemfucuza yasemadolobheni ukufaka isandla ku umnotho oyindilingaEzindlini zemfuyo, ukulawulwa kwe i-ammonia (NH3) -Igesi ecasulayo ekhiqizwa ukubola kwe-microbial - ibalulekile ukuze inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nabasebenzi. Izixazululo ezisuselwe kokukhishwe okuvela I-Yucca schidigera (isb., De-Odorase®) ukusiza uku ukunciphisa ukugxila kwe-ammonia epulazini.
Engqungqutheleni yezobuchwepheshe ye-Alltech ONE Ideas, uDkt. Saheed Salami wagqamisa ukuthi umquba ungumthombo ofanele we i-nitrous oxide, nokuthi ukuze uthole amapulazi obisi esimeme, kumele kuthathwe isinyathelo kulo lonke ipulazi: ngcono ukugayeka kokudla yezabelo, nciphisa izithako nge okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu futhi usebenzise kangcono i- i-nitrogen kokudla.
Ukukhetha umquba kanye nomthamo onconyiwe
Ukukhetha kuncike izidingo zezitshalo, uhlobo lomhlabathi, ukutholakala, kanye nezindleko. Njengomhlahlandlela osebenzayo osuselwe emithonjeni ehlukahlukene yezobuchwepheshe:
- Inkomo: 1-5 kg/m² kuhlanganiswe; ku-mulching, amanani amakhulu nge ukuqonda.
- Ihhashi: 1-5 kg/m², ilungele vula umquba nenhlabathi engenamoya.
- Izimvu: 3-5 kg/m² ngenxa yokunotha kwayo nokushesha amaminerali.
- Isikhukhukazi: 20-30 g/m² isichibiyelo esihle; umquba ukunciphisa i-acidity.
- Imbuzi: 0,5-2 kg/m², kuhle ibhalansi okunomsoco.
- Unogwaja: faka isicelo ngemuva ukuvutshelwa noma kuxutshwe; imithamo emaphakathi.
- Ingulube (slurry): sebenzisa nge iseluleko uchwepheshe ogwema ukugeleza.
- I-Guano/Humus: sebenzisa okuhambisanayo ngokugxila noma ukuzinza.
Qaphela: Kusetshenziswa izindlela zokumboza umquba wenkomo imithamo ephakeme (amakg ambalwa ngem²) ngokukhethekileyo njenge semboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla futhi ngaphandle kokuxhumana neziqu, into edinga indlela yobuchwepheshe ukugwema umonakalo.
Ngendlela yayo evamile, i- izinhlobo zomquba Ziyizinto eziphilayo ezitholakala emfucumfucwini yezilwane kanye nemizimba yazo ebolayo, futhi zisetshenziselwa ngcono izinga lomhlabathi futhi andise isivuno sezitshalo.
Kulo mongo, umquba, umkhiqizo wokubola kwezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi imvelaphi yezilwane, i Umanyolo wemvelo Kusetshenziswa kabanzi. Kwezolimo ezichwepheshile, lapho ukusebenza kahle nokukhiqiza kubalulekile, izinhlobo ezahlukene zomquba (inkomo, ihhashi, imvu, inkukhu, ingulube) kanye nezingajwayelekile kangako (unogwaja, imbuzi, isitibhili y Earthworm humus), ngamunye une izici nezinzuzo ukhonkolo.
Umquba uthi: fresh, semi-cured futhi welashiwe
Kukhona estados okuvamile: kusha, kwelashwe kancane futhi kwelashiwe. umquba omusha ingasetshenziswa ku i-solarization Ukuqeda izikelemu inhlabathi ezinambuzaneni, isikhunta kanye nezinhlamvu: yendlale umboze ingaphezulu, uyimboze nge upulasitiki futhi ishiywa elangeni izinyanga ezimbalwa, isebenzisa ukushisa nokuvutshelwa ukuze iqede izinambuzane.
El ubulongwe obulashiwe Ichithe isikhathi esithile ivuthwa elangeni (amasonto noma izinyanga, kuye ngengxube), ayibili, ayinuki, futhi ingasetshenziswa ngokuphepha. I -ngelapheki kukhona endaweni ethile phakathi. Kuzo zonke izimo, i- ukuvundisa okulawulwayo Kuyindlela ephephile kakhulu yokuzinzisa izakhi, ukunciphisa iphunga nokugwema i-phytotoxicity.
Ukwenza umquba, ukuphathwa kanye nezincomo ezisebenzayo
para thola okuhle kakhulu emqubeni, ivuthwe futhi/noma ivundise ngendlela efanele. Inqubo iyancipha amagciwane, imbewu zokhula kanye kunukaNgesikhathi sokwenza umquba, ezinye izakhamzimba ziyalahleka. i-nitrogen ekhulayo, ngakho-ke kuhle ukulinganisa ibhethri (isilinganiso se-C/N) futhi ucabange iminikelo ehambisanayo (isb. umlotha olaphe kahle we-K, noma i-humus ewuketshezi yama-micronutrients).
- Ukuhlaziya umhlabathi: inquma izidingo zangempela futhi igweme ukweqisa.
- Aplicación: ebusweni njengoba a egxiliwe o kufakiwe ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi omncane. Gwema ukuthintana ngqo neziqu.
- Isikhathi: kangcono ku ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo kanye nokufakelwa kabusha, noma ngemithamo ephansi njengesitshalo sekhava.
- Ukuzungezisa izitshalo: siza sebenzisa ngokunenzuzo imisoco futhi kuvimbele ukunqwabelana kwamagciwane.
Ukusimama, ukungcola kanye nokulawula i-ammonia
Umquba ungaphuma i-methane (CH4) y i-nitrous oxide (N2O) kuye ngokuthi ziphathwa kanjani. Ukuhlanganisa, ukumboza izinqwaba, ukuhlukanisa izigaba, nokusebenzisa ngezikhathi ezifanele kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Ezindaweni eziningi, umnikelo we-nitrogen ovela emithonjeni yezilwane iyalawulwa (isibonelo, 170 kg/ha ezindaweni ezisengozini), ukuvikela inhlabathi namanzi. Ukuphatha okunomthwalo wemfanelo kuyisihluthulelo a ezolimo ezisimeme.
La ukulele womquba ungagxilisa umsoco, unciphise umthamo kanye qeda iphunga, okuholela kumanyolo wenani eliphezulu. Ezinye izindlela ezinjengalezi biogas ngokugaya kwe-anaerobic noma umquba wemfucuza yasemadolobheni ukufaka isandla ku umnotho oyindilingaEzindlini zemfuyo, ukulawulwa kwe i-ammonia (NH3) -Igesi ecasulayo ekhiqizwa ukubola kwe-microbial - ibalulekile ukuze inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nabasebenzi. Izixazululo ezisuselwe kokukhishwe okuvela I-Yucca schidigera (isb., De-Odorase®) ukusiza uku ukunciphisa ukugxila kwe-ammonia epulazini.
Engqungqutheleni yezobuchwepheshe ye-Alltech ONE Ideas, uDkt. Saheed Salami wagqamisa ukuthi umquba ungumthombo ofanele we i-nitrous oxide, nokuthi ukuze uthole amapulazi obisi esimeme, kumele kuthathwe isinyathelo kulo lonke ipulazi: ngcono ukugayeka kokudla yezabelo, nciphisa izithako nge okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu futhi usebenzise kangcono i- i-nitrogen kokudla.
Ukukhetha umquba kanye nomthamo onconyiwe
Ukukhetha kuncike izidingo zezitshalo, uhlobo lomhlabathi, ukutholakala, kanye nezindleko. Njengomhlahlandlela osebenzayo osuselwe emithonjeni ehlukahlukene yezobuchwepheshe:
- Inkomo: 1-5 kg/m² kuhlanganiswe; ku-mulching, amanani amakhulu nge ukuqonda.
- Ihhashi: 1-5 kg/m², ilungele vula umquba nenhlabathi engenamoya.
- Izimvu: 3-5 kg/m² ngenxa yokunotha kwayo nokushesha amaminerali.
- Isikhukhukazi: 20-30 g/m² isichibiyelo esihle; umquba ukunciphisa i-acidity.
- Imbuzi: 0,5-2 kg/m², kuhle ibhalansi okunomsoco.
- Unogwaja: faka isicelo ngemuva ukuvutshelwa noma kuxutshwe; imithamo emaphakathi.
- Ingulube (slurry): sebenzisa nge iseluleko uchwepheshe ogwema ukugeleza.
- I-Guano/Humus: sebenzisa okuhambisanayo ngokugxila noma ukuzinza.