Emashumini eminyaka ezayo, isintu kuzodingeka sondle izigidigidi zabantu emhlabeni ongaphansi kwengcindezi. amagagasi okushisa okukhulu, isomiso esinamandla, kanye nenhlabathi eyonakeleUma sibheka lesi simo, indlela esitshala futhi siqonda ngayo izitshalo ishintsha ngokushesha, futhi olunye lwezindlela zocwaningo ezithakazelisa kakhulu yilolo olubizwa ngokuthi “izitshalo eziphefumula i-nitrogen”.
Ngemuva kwalo mbono omangalisayo kukhona inselele enkulu: ukuthola izitshalo ukuze zikwazi hlanganisa i-nitrogen emoyeni futhi unciphise ukuncika kumanyolo wamakhemikhaliNakuba zijwayela isimo sezulu esifudumele, esomile, nesiguquguqukayo, izikhungo ezihamba phambili njenge-Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP) sezivele zihileleke ngokugcwele kule nselele, zihlanganisa i-biotechnology, i-ecology, kanye nezolimo ezisimeme ukuze zisekele ukukhiqizwa kokudla ezweni elishintsha njalo.
Kungani i-nitrogen ibaluleke kangaka ezitshalweni?
Kungase kuzwakale kuyihaba, kodwa ngaphandle kwe-nitrogen bekungeke kube khona ukuphila njengoba sikwazi, ngoba lesi sakhi siyisihluthulelo sokuthi izitshalo zakheke. amaprotheni, ama-enzyme kanye nemibala edingekayo ukuze kwenziwe i-photosynthesisNgaphandle komthombo owanele we-nitrogen, isivuno asikwazi ukukhula kahle, sikhiqize i-biomass, noma sinikeze isivuno esamukelekayo.
Nakuba umoya esiwuphefumulayo wakhiwe ngokujikeleza Igesi ye-nitrogen engu-78% (N₂)Izitshalo azikwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngqo. I-nitrogen esemkhathini izinzile kakhulu, futhi izinto eziningi eziphilayo azinawo amathuluzi e-biochemical okuphula le molekyuli futhi ziyiguqule ibe yizinto ezisebenzisekayo njenge-ammonium noma i-nitrate.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izitshalo zithola i-nitrogen ikakhulukazi enhlabathini, ngendlela yokuthi ama-ion e-nitrate (NO₃⁻) kanye ne-ammonium (NH₄⁺)Lezi zakhamzimba zivela ekuboleni kwezinto eziphilayo noma ezinqubweni zokubopha kwezinto eziphilayo ezenziwa yizinto ezincane. Uma inhlabathi ingenayo i-nitrogen eyanele, izitshalo zihlushwa yi-chlorosis, zikhula kabi, futhi umkhiqizo wazo uyehla.
Ukuze kulungiswe lokhu, ezolimo zanamuhla zithembele kumanyolo wokwenziwa ahlinzeka ngenani elikhulu le-nitrogen. Inkinga ukuthi imodeli isibe okungazinzile ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, ukushaqeka kwekhabhoni, kanye nokungcola kwenhlabathi, amanzi kanye nomkhathi okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo wamakhemikhali.
Ucwaningo oluningi lwamanje lugxile ekuqondeni nasekusebenziseni kangcono amasu emvelo lapho ezinye izinto eziphilayo kanye nezinye izinhlangano zezitshalo namagciwane zikwazi khona ukwenza kanjalo. ukulungisa i-nitrogen esemoyeni nokuyenza itholakale ezindaweni zemvelo.
Ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen yezinto eziphilayo: iqhinga lamagciwane
Nakuba izitshalo zingenakukwazi ukusebenzisa igesi ye-nitrogen ngqo, amabhaktheriya athile angakwazi, ngenxa ye-a i-enzyme ekhethekile kakhulu ebizwa ngokuthi i-nitrogenaseLe phrotheni iyakwazi ukuphula i-N₂ yomoya bese iyiguqula ibe yizakhi ze-nitrogen ezithi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zibe yingxenye yochungechunge lokudla.
Lawa magciwane alungisa i-nitrogen atholakala ngokukhululeka enhlabathini futhi ehlobene eduze nezimpande zezinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo. Amanye awo ahlala ubudlelwano obuseduze kakhulu bokubambisana nezitshalo, obuhlala ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezikhethekile ezakheka ezimpandeni futhi zivumela ukushintshaniswa kwezinsiza okuhlelwe kahle kakhulu.
Ezitshalweni ezibizwa ngokuthi i-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing, lesi sitshalo sigcina amabhaktheriya futhi siwanikeze ushukela otholakala nge-photosynthesis, kuyilapho i-microorganism ibuyisela umusa. ukuhlinzeka nge-nitrogen “entsha” evela emkhathiniLokhu kushintshana kusebenza kahle kangangokuthi kungamboza ingxenye enkulu yezidingo zesitshalo futhi kucebise inhlabathi yezitshalo zesikhathi esizayo.
Uma lezi zitshalo ezihlobene namagciwane ziqeda umjikelezo wazo wokuphila futhi izinsalela zazo zifakwa enhlabathini, i-nitrogen ezaziyiqongelele ezicutshini zazo ikhishwa ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukwenziwa kwe-nitrogen ibe yimineraliIzinto eziphilayo ziyabola bese i-nitrogen ephilayo iguqulwa ibe yi-ammonium ne-nitrate, okuyizinto ezinye izitshalo ezingazimunca kalula.
Ngakho-ke, imiphakathi yezitshalo ehlanganisa izinto zokulungisa i-nitrogen idlala indima ebalulekile ukuvunda kwemvelo kwezinhlelo eziningi zemvelo kanye nezolimoukunciphisa isidingo sokunikeza umanyolo wangaphandle omningi kangaka.
Izitshalo "eziphefumula" i-nitrogen: imidumba, amaqhubu kanye nokubambisana
Iqembu lezitshalo elaziwa kakhulu elihlotshaniswa namagciwane alungisa i-nitrogen yizitshalo ezisawolintshi, umndeni omkhulu ohlanganisa izitshalo zansuku zonke ezifana ubhontshisi, amalentili, ama-chickpeas, ubhontshisi obanzi noma i-cloverLezi zinhlobo ziye zathuthuka, phakathi nokuvela kwemvelo, ikhono lokwakha amaqhubu ezimpandeni zazo ukuze zihlinzeke indawo yokukhosela amagciwane athile.
Kulobu budlelwano, isitshalo sikhipha izimpawu zamakhemikhali endaweni yezimpande ezidonsela amabhaktheriya athile enhlabathi akwazi ukulungisa i-nitrogen. Uma sekuxhumene, impande iqala ukwakheka izakhiwo ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-noduleezisebenza njengezinto ezincane ezivikelwe “njengeziphehli zezinto eziphilayo”, lapho amagciwane ehlala futhi esebenza khona ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.
Ngaphakathi kwalezi zinhlayiya, amabhaktheriya alungisa i-nitrogen esemoyeni bese eyiguqula ibe ama-compounds ane-nitrogen ageleza esitshalweni, kuyilapho isitshalo sithumela ushukela nezinye izinto kuma-bacteria ukuze zihlale zisebenza. Nakuba la ma-microorganisms engenzi i-photosynthesis, ancike ku- amandla amakhemikhali akhiqizwa yisitshalo ngenxa yokukhanya kwelanga.
Umphumela osebenzayo ukuthi isivuno sithola umthombo oqhubekayo we-nitrogen ngaphandle kokudinga umanyolo omningi wangaphandle, futhi enye yaleyo nitrogen izohlala enhlabathini lapho isitshalo sifa noma lapho izinsalela zezitshalo zifakwa ngemikhuba yezolimo. Eqinisweni, Ukubola kwe-legume kusalokhu kucebisa kakhulu okuqukethwe yi-nitrogen enhlabathini..
Le ndlela ichaza ukuthi kungani imidumba ivame ukusetshenziswa ekujikelezisweni kwezitshalo noma njengomquba oluhlaza: ayikhiqizi ukudla kuphela, kodwa futhi iyasiza ukuthuthukisa ukuvunda kwensimu nokusekela izinhlelo zokulima ezisimeme kakhudlwana esikhathini esimaphakathi neside.
Ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezitshalo ezilungisa i-nitrogen
Indima yezitshalo ezihambisana namagciwane alungisa i-nitrogen emvelweni ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi amaqembu amaningana esayensi afunde ngokuningiliziwe ukusabalala kwazo okukhulu. E-United States, abacwaningi abavela ezikhungweni ezahlukene, njenge- IMyuziyamu Yomlando Wemvelo yaseFlorida kanye namanyuvesi aseLouisiana naseMississippiBahlaziye amarekhodi ezinhlobo zezilwane zasendaweni kanye nezihlaselayo ezindaweni eziningi ukuze baqonde kangcono leli phethini.
Uma uqala ukubuka, umuntu angacabanga ukuthi enhlabathini engena-nitrogen kufanele kube khona ubuningi obukhulu kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezitshalo ezilungisa inhlabathinjengoba inzuzo yayo yokuncintisana ingaba nkulu ezindaweni ezivinjelwe yilesi sakhi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kuwufanelekela kahle lo mbono obonakala unengqondo.
Lapho beqhathanisa izifunda ezahlukene, abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi inani lezitshalo ezilungisa i-nitrogen lalivame ukwanda kwezindawo ezine-nitrogen encane etholakala enhlabathiniLokhu kuyahambisana nombono wakudala. Kodwa baphinde baphawula ukuthi, njengoba izindawo ziba zomile, ukuba khona kwalezi zitshalo kwehla.
Okutholakele okuphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi, lapho bebheka ukuhlukahluka kwezilungisi ze-nitrogen zasendaweni, bathola iphethini ehlukile: Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezilungisa inhlabathi zasendaweni kwanda ngokuphawulekayo e- izifunda ezomilekungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingakanani i-nitrogen ekhona enhlabathini. Okusho ukuthi, lapho izimo zamanzi zinzima khona, uhla lwezitshalo zomdabu ezilungisa i-nitrogen lungaba phezulu kakhulu.
Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi, ngezinga elikhulu, ukusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo ezibamba amabhaktheriya alungisa i-nitrogen akuxhomekile kuphela ku-nitrogen yomhlabathi, kodwa futhi nasekuhlanganisweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto ezifana ukutholakala kwamanzi, umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye nokuguquguquka kwemiphakathi yezitshaloUkuqonda la maphethini kubalulekile ekuklameni izinhlelo zezolimo ezifanela kangcono isifunda ngasinye.
Indima ye-CBGP: ubuchwepheshe bezitshalo lapho kubhekene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu
Nakuba kuqhubeka intuthuko ekuqondeni imvelo ngezitshalo ezilungisa izimpande, izikhungo zocwaningo ezifana ne- Isikhungo se-Plant Biotechnology kanye ne-Genomics (CBGP), exhunywe ne-Polytechnic University yaseMadrid, igxile kolunye uhlangothi: ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu esizibhekene nazo kakade futhi ezizoqina emashumini eminyaka ezayo.
Izibikezelo zibonisa ukuthi phakathi nekhulu leminyaka, cishe Abantu abayizigidi ze-9.700 eplanethini eshisa kakhulu, eyomile, futhi ebhekene nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu ezivame kakhulu. Unyaka ka-2024 wawusuvele ungomunye wemibango eshisa kakhulu emlandweni, kanti eYurophu amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abashonile ahlotshaniswa namagagasi okushisa, kanti iSpain ingenye yamazwe athinteke kakhulu.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, kwa-CBGP bafunda ngendlela ephelele indlela izitshalo ezikhula ngayo, indlela ezisebenzisana ngayo nezinambuzane ezisendaweni yazo kanye nendlela abasabela ngayo ezinguqukweni zemvelo ezifana nokushisa okuphezulu, isomiso esihlala isikhathi eside, noma ukushiswa kukasawoti enhlabathini yezolimo.
Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zesikhungo ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo, noma ukukhetha kwezikhona lezo ezikwaziyo gcina isivuno esamukelekayo ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwemveloLokhu kusho ukuthi akugcini nje ngokubekezelela izimo ezimbi, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo ngaphandle kokuthembela kakhulu ezintweni zangaphandle ezifana nomanyolo namanzi.
Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, abacwaningi bahlaziya izindlela zama-molecule ezivumela izitshalo ezithile ukuthi zikwazi ukumelana kangcono nokucindezeleka kwemvelo. amaprotheni okuzivikela, izindlela zokubonisa izimpawu, kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, futhi zisebenzisa lolo lwazi ukukhiqiza lokho abakubiza ngokuthi "ubufakazi bomqondo".
Kulezi zivivinyo, zakha izitshalo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo eziqoqa amaprotheni athile noma zisebenze izindlela ezithile zokubekezelelana, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ziyathuthukisa yini ukusebenza kwazo lapho zibhekene nesomiso, ukushisa, noma usawoti. Ngale ndlela, Baqinisekisa ngokuhlola ukuthi yimaphi amasu asebenza kahle kakhulu. ngaphambi kokucabangela isicelo esikhulu.
Izitshalo eziqinile: utamatisi, i-brassicas kanye nokuphepha kokudla
Omunye wemiphumela emihle yale ndlela kube ukuthuthukiswa kwe- izitshalo zikatamatisi ezibekezelela usawoti omningiLena inkinga evame kakhulu ezindaweni zezolimo lapho ukunisela kanye nokuhwamuka okukhulu kugxila khona usawoti enhlabathini. Ithimba le-CBGP lithuthukise izinhlobo ze-transgenic ezimelana kakhulu nala mazinga kasawoti.
Lawa matamatisi aqinile asevele aveze Isicelo selungelo lobunikazi laseYurophuUmqondo uwukwandisa ubuchwepheshe kwezinye izitshalo ezizwela kakhulu usawoti, njengophizi, ubhontshisi, ummbila, noma ama-strawberry. Uma kuphumelele, lokhu kungaba yinzuzo enkulu ezindaweni lapho amanzi okunisela esezingeni eliphansi noma inhlabathi yonakele khona.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqembu lisebenza ekudluliseleni lezi ntuthuko kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-brassicas, umndeni wezitshalo ohlanganisa iklabishi, i-broccoli, kanye neminye imifino ebalulekile ekudleni. Ukwandisa ukuqina kwale mifino eyinhloko kungasho ukuvikela ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuvikeleka kokudla endaweni enesimo sezulu esingaqinisekile.
Kodwa-ke, akulula njengokungenisa amaprotheni okuzivikela nje kuphela. Amaningi alawo maprotheni angowakwa- imindeni equkethe nezinto ezibangela ukungezwani nokudlaLokhu kudinga ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe. Akuwona wonke amaprotheni omzimba abangela ukungezwani komzimba, kodwa amanye angabangela ukusabela kubantu abazwelayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-CBGP inethimba elikhethekile elihlola kahle la maprotheni. Umsebenzi wabo ugxile ekuboneni Yiziphi izici zesakhiwo ezenza iphrotheni ibe yinto engaba khona yokungezwani komzimba? nokuthi yiziphi ezingezona, ukuze kuklanywe izixazululo ze-biotechnology eziphephile zokusetshenziswa ngabantu.
Le ndlela eqinile ibalulekile ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha ezitshalweni eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo noma ezithuthukisiwe ukuze zibe nendawo yangempela emakethe, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphepha kokudla kanye nokuthuthukiswa okunesibopho kwezinhlobo ezintsha ezisiza ekubhekaneni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngaphandle kokudala izinkinga ezengeziwe.
Kubhekwe okusanhlamvu "okuphefumula" i-nitrogen emoyeni
Phakathi kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu kakhulu enziwa e-CBGP, eholwa ngumcwaningi ivelele. ULuis Rubioixhaswe yiGates Foundation. Umgomo wayo ulula ukuwuchaza njengoba kunzima ukuwufeza: ukwenza okusanhlamvu kube nokukwazi ukubamba nokugaya i-nitrogen emoyenikunciphisa kakhulu ukuncika kumanyolo wamakhemikhali.
Ngokungafani nemifino, izitshalo eziyisisekelo njengelayisi, ukolweni, noma ummbila azakhi ngokwemvelo ubudlelwano obunamandla kangaka bokubambisana namagciwane alungisa i-nitrogen. Futhi azinawo umshini wangaphakathi wokulungisa i-N₂ zodwa, njengoba Abanayo i-enzyme ye-nitrogenase ukuthi amabhaktheriya athile anawo.
Ithimba likaRubio lisebenzisa njengesibonelo igciwane elilungisa i-nitrogen elixhunywe nemvubelo yokubhaka, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Azotobacter vinelandii (ngokuvamile kukhulunywa kabi kwezinye izinto), okwazi ukulungisa i-nitrogen ngempumelelo. Umqondo uwukudlulisela izakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekufakweni kwe-nitrogen kusuka kula mabhaktheriya ziye ezitshalweni.
Elabhorethri, abacwaningi basebenza ekusungulweni nasekubonakalisweni okuhlanganisiwe kwalezi zakhi zofuzo zamagciwane emaseli ezitshalo, ngenhloso yokwenza okusanhlamvu kube lula vula ngaphakathi uhlelo lokulungisa i-nitrogen olusebenzayoKuyinselele enkulu, ngoba i-nitrogenase iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi izwa kakhulu umoya-mpilo, ngakho-ke idinga izimo ezithile ukuze isebenze.
Uma lowo mgomo ufezwa, ngisho nangengxenye, ungamelela inguquko kwezolimo zomhlaba: okusanhlamvu kungamboza ingxenye enkulu yezidingo zabo ze-nitrogen ngokwako, kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wokwenziwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukungcoliswa komhlabathi, amanzi nomoya okuhambisana nokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwawo.
Umanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nokusimama kwezolimo
Njengamanje, umanyolo we-nitrogen ubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe isivuno esiphezulu se- ukukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu emhlabeni jikeleleNgenxa yabo, kuye kwenzeka ukondla inani labantu elikhula njalo, kodwa lokhu kuncika kunezindleko zemvelo okuya kuba nzima ukuzithwala.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezivundisi kwezimboni kudla amandla amaningi futhi kukhipha amagesi okushisa; ukusetshenziswa kwazo kakhulu ensimini kubangela ukungcoliswa komoya okuvela ekukhishweni kwe-nitrogen oxides kanye ne-ammoniafuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi kuthwala ama-nitrate emifuleni, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kanye nolwandle, okukhuthaza izinqubo ezifana ne-eutrophication.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kukamanyolo kanye nemikhuba ethile yokuphatha kungasheshisa ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi yezolimoukunciphisa amandla abo okugcina amanzi nezakhamzimba kanye nokubamba abalimi emjikelezweni omubi wokuthembela ezintweni ezifakwa ngaphandle.
Ngokusho kwabacwaningi bephrojekthi yokuzivundisa okusanhlamvu, ukwehla okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwalezi zivundisi kungavula ithuba lokuthi ezolimo ezisimeme kakhuluUmanyolo omncane usho ukukhishwa okuncane komoya okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwawo, ukungcola kwamanzi okuncane, kanye nethuba elikhulu lokubuyisela inhlabathi eyonakele.
Umgomo omkhulu ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zelayisi, ukolweni, nommbila ezikwaziyo ikakhulukazi iyazivundisakusetshenziswa i-nitrogen evela emoyeni njengomthombo oyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, ithimba ngokwalo liyavuma ukuthi lokhu kuwumgomo wobuchwepheshe obunzima kakhulu, okungenzeka kudinge amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo ngaphambi kokuba lusetshenziswe ngezinga elikhulu ensimini.
Ingqalasizinda yesimanje: izindawo zokugcina izithombo kanye nezihlahla eziluhlaza okotshani
Ukuze kufezwe la maphrojekthi, i-CBGP inezindawo eziseduze 1.900 m² enikelwe ekulimeni izitshalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayoIngxenye ephakathi yale ngqalasizinda yindawo yokugcina izitshalo engaba ngu-1.200 m² ehlonyiswe ngezinhlelo zokulawula isimo sezulu ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokukhanyisa.
Lezi zindawo zokugcina izithombo zivumela ukutshalwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezolimo noma amamodeli okuhlola ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwa kahle ze- izinga lokushisa, ukukhanya, umswakama kanye nokwakheka kwe-substrateLokhu kuvumela ukuphindaphindwa kwezimo zokucindezeleka ezibangelwa ukushisa, isomiso, noma usawoti ukuze kuhlolwe ukuziphatha kwezitshalo eziguquliwe noma ezikhethiwe.
Lesi sikhungo sinamamojula okugcina uhlobo lwe-P2 aklanyelwe ngqo ukusebenza nezitshalo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo. Ngaphakathi kwalezi zindawo, izinga lokushisa lingalawulwa ngebanga elibanzi, cishe phakathi 10 kanye no-45 ºC, into ebalulekile ekulingiseni amaza okushisa noma izimo ezibandayo eziphakathi nendawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-greenhouse ifaka uhlelo lwe- ukuthayipha kwedijithali okuzenzakalelayo ngamarobhothi ahamba ngemigwaqo ukuze athwebule izithombe nedatha evela ezitshalweni. Lolu hlelo luvumela ukuqapha okunembile nokubanzi kwezici ezifana nokukhula, isimo samanzi, kanye nobunzima bezimpawu zokucindezeleka.
Esinye isici esithakazelisayo kakhulu sengqalasizinda yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-rhizotron, izakhiwo ezakhiwe amapuleti asobala aveza uhlelo lwezimpandeNgenxa yabo, izithombe ezinemininingwane zezimpande zingatholakala, ukukhula kwazo kanye nobukhulu bazo kungalinganiswa, nokuthi zisabela kanjani emikhiqizweni ehlukene noma ezimweni zemvelo kungahlaziywa.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zindawo zokugcina izitshalo ezilawulwayo, izinhlelo zokuhlaziya amarobhothi, kanye nama-rhizotron kwenza isikhungo sibe yindawo efanelekile yokutshala izitshalo. Hlola izinhlobo ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe ngaphambi kokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwazoNgaphezu kwalokho, lezi zikhungo azigcinelwe amaqembu angaphakathi kuphela: zivulekele namaphrojekthi avela kwezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi nezizimele ezinentshisekelo yokuphendula izinselele zezolimo zesikhathi esizayo.
Lonke lolu cwaningo ngamaphrotheni okumelana, ama-symbiose okulungisa i-nitrogen, kanye nokusanhlamvu okukwazi ukusebenzisa amaphuzu e-nitrogen asemoyeni kumodeli yezolimo lapho izitshalo Zisebenzisana kakhulu nezinambuzane ezincane kanye nebhayoloji yazo. ukukhiqiza okuningi ngezinsiza zangaphandle ezimbalwa. Nakuba eziningi zalezi zinhloso zizothatha iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka ukuba zibe ngokoqobo ngezinga elikhulu, intuthuko ngayinye isisondeza kancane engenzeka yezitshalo, ngokomfanekiso, "eziphefumula" i-nitrogen emoyeni futhi zisekele ukutholakala kokudla emhlabeni wonke emhlabeni ongaphansi kwengcindezi yesimo sezulu.
