Eminyakeni yamuva nje, umqondo olula kodwa onamandla ungene empikiswaneni yamasiko: Sibuke imidweboKodwa cishe asikaze sibheke izitshalo ezivela kuzoLokhu kuntuleka kokunaka, okubizwa ngokuthi "ubumpumputhe bezitshalo," sekuyindawo yokuqala yombukiso ohambela eSpain futhi kusikisela indlela ehlukile yokuhlola umlando wobuciko.
Ngaphansi kwesihloko "Izitshalo kwezobuciko. Izitshalo eziqoqweni zePrado Museum"Umbukiso ojikelezayo ogqugquzelwe yi-La Caixa Foundation kanye ne-Prado Museum ukhombisa ukuthi izimbali, izihlahla, izithelo nezihlahlana akuzona nje isizinda esihle, kodwa futhi ziyizimpawu ezingokoqobo, ezilandisayo nezithinta imizwa emisebenzini engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu esukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Umbukiso ohambahambayo owembula ingadi efihliwe yePrado
Umbukiso, ohlelwe ngumlimi, umklami wezindawo kanye nomcwaningi wezitshalo U-Eduardo Barba, iqale ukubonakala ku- I-CaixaForum Gironalapho ingavakashelwa khona kuze kube ngu-Agasti 23, bese kuthi ngemva kwalokho ivakashele izikhungo ezahlukene zeCaixaForum eSpain. Lo msebenzi uhloselwe ukuba ube ngowokuhambahambayo futhi uzofinyelela kwezinye izindawo eminyakeni ezayo. I-Lleida, iTarragona, iZaragoza, iSeville neValenciangokuhlala izinyanga eziningana endaweni ngayinye, okuvumela izilaleli eziningi ukuthi zisondele kulo mbono wezitshalo ngobuciko baseYurophu.
Emakamelweni, isivakashi sihlangana Imisebenzi engu-53 evela ePrado National Museumezihlanganisa isikhathi esibanzi kakhulu: kusukela esiqongweni sesikhathi samaRoma (ikhulu lokuqala) kuya emidwebweni kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, njengezwe laseCuenca kusukela ngo-1910. Akuzona nje izithombe: ziyaphila ndawonye ukupenda kuphaneli, ithusi kanye ne-canvas, izithombe zezitshaloizingcezu zobuciko zobumba kanye nokuhlobisaEziningi zazo azibonwanga kangako kuze kube manje, kanti ezinye azikaze zibonakale isikhathi eside.
Eziningi zalezi zingcezu zivela ku- Izindawo zokugcina impahla zasePrado futhi udlule enkambisweni yokuvuselela ejulile ikakhulukazi yombukiso. Ngokusho kwabahleli, cishe Imidwebo engu-90% eboniswayo EGirona, zibuyiselwe ukuze zibuyisele imibala, imininingwane kanye nezici zezitshalo ezazishiywe ngemuva ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Indaba yaseYurophu yezimbali, izithelo kanye nezimpawu
Ukukhetha kunikeza uhambo oluya emasikweni ahlukene ezithombe aseYurophu, wonke ahlanganiswe yintambo efanayo: ukuba khona kwezinto zezitshalo ezinencazelo engokomfanekiso noma elandisayoIzivakashi zingathola izibonelo ezimele isikole saseSpain—ngokugcizelela kakhulu iqoqo lasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20—kanye neminye imisebenzi. IsiFlemish, iNyakatho Yurophu, isiNtaliyane nesiFulentshi.
Phakathi kwamagama avelele kukhona abaculi abafana no U-Anton van Dyck, uJan Brueghel Omdala noma uNicolas PoussinLe misebenzi ikhumbuza umdwebo waseFlemish nowaseFrance wangekhulu le-17. Kodwa umgcini wayefuna nokufaka imisebenzi yabaculi abangaziwa kakhulu, abangaziwa, noma abasanda kuqanjwa, ukuze abonise ukuthi izitshalo zingena kanjani kokubili kubaculi abakhulu kanye nemidwebo engamenyezelwa kakhulu.
Isibonelo esiphawulekayo sinikezwa yi- indawo yobuthakathi kubangelwa yi-flamenco UDavid Teniers Omncaneumlobi wakhe owaqinisekiswa ngesikhathi somsebenzi wokuvuselela ngaphambi kombukiso. Lo mdwebo, owawubolekwe kwiLope de Vega House Museum eMadrid, uhlanganisa umfanekiso ka gxumaIsitshalo esinemiphumela yokudambisa siqinisa isimo esingaqondakali sasebusuku salesi senzakalo. Uma uhambo seluphelile, umsebenzi ungafakwa eqoqweni elihlala njalo le-Prado.
Izingcezu azivezwanga ngemuva kwe- ukulandelana kwezikhathi okuqinileEsikhundleni sokuhleleka okuqondile, umbukiso uphakamisa ukubhanqa kanye nezingxoxo phakathi kwemisebenzi evela ezikhathini ezahlukene kakhulu ehlanganyela izinhlobo zezitshalo noma izincazelo ezingokomfanekiso. Ngakho-ke, umbukiso umema izivakashi ukuthi zifunde izitshalo njengolimi oluhlanganisa amakhulu eminyaka yokudala kobuciko.
Izigaba ezine zokuqonda ukuthi izitshalo zikhuluma kanjani emidwebweni
Ukuze kulwiwe nobumpumputhe bezitshalo, ngokusho kuka-Eduardo Barba, obubusa umbono wamanje wezindawo ezinhle kanye namaqoqo emyuziyamu, umbukiso uhlelwe ngo- izindawo ezine ezinkulu ezinezihloko ezihlola izindlela ezahlukene i-botany ehlanganiswa ngazo nobuciko.
Ingxenye yokuqala, enesihloko esithi "Izitshalo ezixoxa izindaba"Ihlanganisa imisebenzi lapho izakhi zezitshalo ziyisihluthulelo sokuhumusha lesi sigameko. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo isithombe sikankulunkulu wamaGreki wokulala, Ama-hypnos, emelelwe ngeqembu lezithelo i-opium poppy (i-Papaver somniferum)I-opium, edume ngezakhiwo zayo zokudambisa, ikhishwa kule poppy, ngakho-ke lesi sitshalo sigcizelela umqondo wokulala okuphakade okuhlobene nokufa.
Kwelinye igumbi, umbukeli uhlangana nesithombe salowo nkulunkulu ofanayo wobuthongo, esenziwe ngomzimba Ikhulu loku-1 futhi laqedwa ngekhulu le-16, eduze kuka-a isithombe sensizwa ngumculi uJan Roos, osukela engxenyeni yesithathu yokuqala yekhulu le-17. Intambo efanayo yi-poppy, kodwa umdwebo ka-oyela kaRoos uhlanganisa nezinye izimpawu zomngcwabo: ama-chestnut, amapomegranati, ama-carnation kanye nomfanekiso kankulunkulu uMercury ekhomba esibhakabhakeni, okusikisela ukuthi kungaba isithombe sangemuva kokufa.
Indawo yesibili, eyethulwe ngaphansi kwesihloko "IPrado iyingadi"Igxila ezigcawini zasensimini kanye nemisebenzi egcina lezi zindawo. Isibonelo, ifaka ama-monks akhetha ama-bulb ngesitshalo noma unkulunkulukazi wamaRoma Flora ukunakekela impilo yezindawo eziluhlaza. Lapha imyuziyamu iqondwa njengengadi enkulu engokomfanekiso lapho izinganekwane, umsebenzi wezolimo kanye nokuzindla kuhlangana khona.
Ingxenye yesithathu, "Uthando lwezitshalo"Ihlola izici zezitshalo ezithinta imizwa kakhulu nezibonakalayo. Iqokomisa izitshalo ezithandwa ngephunga noma ukunambitheka, eziningi zazo zivela izindawo ezikude umphakathi waseYurophu wangaleso sikhathi, njenge- i-lotus (i-Nelumbo nucifera) noma i i-taro (i-Colocasia esculenta)Zombili izinhlobo ziyadliwa. Le misebenzi ikhuluma ngokuhamba, ukuhweba, kanye nentshisekelo yesayensi, kanye nokuvusa izinkumbulo zama-flavour namaphunga.
Indawo yokugcina, enesihloko esithi "Imizwa endaweni"Kuhlanganisa izindawo lapho izitshalo zisiza khona ukudala isimo sengqondo. Izivakashi zihamba phakathi kwezigcawu ze- ukuzola, isiphepho, umuzwa wokuvalelwa, noma ukungabi nandabalapho ukukhetha izihlahla, izihlahla kanye nokuthungwa okuluhlaza kubalulekile ekudluliseni isimo esithile.
Izimpawu, inkolo kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke ngezimbali nezithelo
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu yombukiso ukukhombisa, ngezibonelo ezicacile, ukuthi kanjani Isitshalo ngasinye singaba nezincazelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi eziphikisanayo.Kuye ngomongo. Emsebenzini Intombi Enomntwana, uJohane Ongcwele nezingelosi (1536), kusuka ku- ULucas Cranach OmdalaKuvela isixha samagilebhisi esihlotshaniswa nothando lukaKristu lwesikhathi esizayo: sibonisa ukwamukelwa komhlatshelo uJesu azowuthatha empilweni yakhe yokuba mdala.
Ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, abanye abaculi baseYurophu baphendukela ezitshalweni ukuze bakhulume ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene njengothando kanye nesimo sokuphila esidlulayo. Infanta Maria Antonia Fernanda de Borbón, edwetshwe ngu Jacobo AmigoniI-carnation ephethwe ngumlingiswa oyinhloko esandleni sakhe ibhekisela ku- umqondo wothandoKodwa-ke, lolo hlobo olufanayo lwembali, olubekwe esitsheni eduze kwekhanda emsebenzini I-Vanitas kusuka eFrance Jacques Linard, iba uphawu lwe Ukufa kanye nobufushane bokuphilaLo mbukiso usimema ukuba sigxile kulezi zinhlobonhlobo futhi silahle umqondo wokuthi izimbali ziwumthombo wokuhlobisa nje.
Ekupheleni kwansuku zonke kobubanzi, izitshalo zasemadolobheni noma zasemakhaya Futhi igcwele incazelo. Umdwebo wamafutha Izithelo zezithelo (eCuenca), edwetshwe ngo-1910 ngu U-Aureliano de BerueteIsebenzisa imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yezithelo zezithelo ukuqinisa isithombe oqinile futhi ohluzekile yedolobha laseCastilian. Ngaphandle kokuba khona njalo kwalezo mibala eluhlaza kanye nokuhleleka kwezitshalo, isimo sendawo besizohluka ngokuphelele.
Intambo efanayo, njengoba ifingqiwe ngumqaphi wayo, inkolelo yokuthi "Akukho ukuhlangana kwezinto kwezobuciko"Ikhakhasi, i-ivy, isithelo se-citrus esingavamile, i-cactus yepheya elihlabayo, noma iqabunga lomuthi elilula liba yizithwali zezindaba zenkolo, zezinganekwane, zezombusazwe, noma ezithinta imizwa. UBarba ukhomba ukuthi izitshalo zilandisa izindaba zohambo lwezinhlobo, amasiko omphakathi, ngisho ne-anthropology yenkathi ngayinye.
Okuhlangenwe nakho okunemizwa: iziteshi zokuhogela, izithombe zezitshalo kanye nemisindo
Lesi siphakamiso asigcini nje ngokumaka izitshalo ngezimpawu ezivamile. Enye yezinhloso zombukiso iwukuba isivakashi Xhumanisa kabusha umbono wohlobo oluthile nephunga lalo, ukuthungwa kwalo, kanye nokuba khona kwalo kwangempelaUkuze kufezwe lokhu, uhambo luthuthukiswa ngezinsizakusebenza ezahlukahlukene zokuzwa eziguqula ukuvakasha kube yinto ejulile kakhulu.
Zifakwe kuwo wonke amakamelo iziteshi ezinhlanu zokuphunga okuvumela izivakashi ukuthi zizwakale iphunga eliphefumulelwe yizinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona emisebenzini ebonisiwe. Umphakathi, isibonelo, ungasondela ku- iphunga lomuthi womkhiwane (i-Ficus carica) noma iphunga le- I-May rose (i-Rosa × centifolia)ukuvuselela inkumbulo yokuphunga ehambisana nokuzindla ngemidwebo. Umqondo ulula: uma ukubona i-jasmine ku-canvas kusenza sikhumbule iphunga layo, kungani singalivezi ngokucacile endaweni yombukiso?
Eceleni kwemisebenzi eminingi kukhonjiswa izithombe zezitshalo ezisesimweni sazo semvelo, okudalwe ngumdwebi UPaula CodoñerLezi zithombe zivumela ukuqhathanisa okuqondile kwezinhlobo zangempela nokuchazwa kwazo kobuciko, emdlalweni othi "spot the treasure" okhanga kakhulu izingane. Lo msebenzi ubakhuthaza ukuthi bathole isitshalo esifihliwe emdwebeni, belola amakhono abo okubuka.
Ukuphela kohambo nakho kucatshangelwe njengokuhlangenwe nakho okunemizwa. Ekamelweni lokugcina, kuboniswa umsebenzi owodwa, ogxile ku- i-jardÃn, ephelezelwa yisiqeshana somsindo esisekelwe ku imisindo yangempela yendawo engadiniUkububula komthombo, ukucula kwezinyoni ezimnyama nezinkumbi, ukubhonga kwenyosi edlula endaweni yesehlakalo. Konke lokhu kudala isimo esijulile esisebenza njengokuvalelisa okumnene embukisweni.
Kusukela emnyuziyamu kuya ephepheni: ikhathalogi yokulandela umkhondo wezitshalo kwezobuciko
Beqaphela ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu ozokwazi ukuvakashela izindawo ezahlukene zeCaixaForum, abahleli bashicilele i-a ikhathalogi ephinda kabusha umzila wombukisoLo mqulu awugcini nje ngokuqoqa izithombe zemisebenzi, kodwa futhi uhlanganisa nemibhalo echaza yona. izindaba zezitshalo yengxenye ngayinye, ehambisana nezithombe zezinhlobo zezitshalo kanye nemidwebo, izithombe eziqoshiwe kanye nezinto zokuhlobisa.
Incwadi ihlanganisa futhi Isihloko esinikezelwe emlandweni wezithombe zezitshalo, isayinwe ngu UBeatriz Sánchez Torija, ilungu lomnyango wemidwebo, amaphrinti nezithombe ePrado Museum. Lo mbhalo uchaza indlela izitshalo eziye zabhalwa ngayo ngezithombe kusukela ekuqaleni kwazo, nokuthi isithombe sezithombe sithonye kanjani nendlela izitshalo ezimelelwa ngayo kweminye imikhakha yobuciko.
Ikhathalogi ihloselwe ukuba ithuluzi eliwusizo kokubili kulabo abavakashela umbukiso futhi abafuna ukujula emininingwaneni ebonakala kugalari kanye nalabo abanesifiso sobudlelwano phakathi ubuciko, isayensi kanye nemvelo ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuhamba. Ngandlela thile, kukuvumela ukuthi uphumule ekhaya uhambahamba phakathi kwemidwebo nezingadi eziphakanyiswa yiphrojekthi yombukiso.
Kokubili iPrado Museum kanye neLa Caixa Foundation kugcizelela ukuthi lo msebenzi uwumphumela ukubambisana kwamaqembu amaningi obuchwepheshe kanye nokuvuselelaI-Restoration Workshop yasemyuziyamu idlale indima ebalulekile ekubuyiseleni ukubukeka kwasekuqaleni kwemisebenzi eminingi, manje ekhombisa imininingwane yesitshalo eyayicishe ingabonakali ngaphambili. Umqondisi we-Prado, UMiguel Falomir, isekele obala ukuzibophezela kulolu chungechunge locwaningo, okwengeza kwezinye izindlela zohambo ezinezihloko ezakhiwe kugalari yobuciko eminyakeni yamuva.
U-Eduardo Barba ngokwakhe wayekade eqondisa umbukiso ePrado. uhambo lwezitshalo ngaphakathi kweqoqo elihlala njaloUmbukiso wangaphambilini, ogxile ekutholeni izitshalo ezibalulekile emakamelweni ahlukene, manje usuyandisa le ndlela ngendlela egxile kakhulu nefundisayo, ulethela umphakathi jikelele isifundo esivame ukuthatha indawo engemuva kwezindaba ezinkulu zomlando noma zenkolo.
Ngaleli hambo lokuhambahamba eGirona nakwamanye amadolobha afana neTarragona, iLleida, iZaragoza, iSeville kanye neValencia, iphrojekthi ikhombisa ukuthi Bheka izitshalo ezidwetshweni ngokuthula Kushintsha indlela esiqonda ngayo izigcawu, abalingiswa, kanye nezindawo. Lokho ekuqaleni okwakubonakala sengathi umhlobiso wezimbali olula kuba yisihluthulelo sokuqonda imiyalezo, izimo zengqondo, kanye nezinkomba zamasiko abaculi baseYurophu abebezihlanganisa emisebenzini yabo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.
