Izitshalo nezilwane ze-dehesa: izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukusetshenziswa nokuvikelwa

I-dehesa landscape iyisibonelo sobudlelwane obumangalisayo phakathi kwabantu nendawo yemvelo, okungenye yezindawo ezicebe kakhulu neziyingqayizivele kunazo zonke eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia. Nakuba isenzo somuntu singabangela umonakalo ku-ecosystem, i-dehesa iyisibonelo esiyipharadigmatic sokuthi kanjani a ukuphathwa kwendabuko nokusimeme uye wathanda ukuphilisana phakathi eziphilayo, isiko y ukuxhashazwa kwezomnothoKulolu hambo, sibheka kabanzi ukuthi iyini i-dehesa, izici zayo zemvelo, ukubaluleka kwayo kwezomnotho namasiko, kanye nezitshalo nezilwane ezihlala kuyo, okuhlanganisa ulwazi lwakamuva nolwazi oluningiliziwe oluvela ezifundweni nezincazelo ezidume kakhulu.

Liyini idlelo?

La idlelo Kuyi-agroforestry ecosystem eyakhiwe ikakhulukazi izihlahla zohlobo lwe-Quercus (i-holm oak, i-cork oak, ne-gall oak) ephelezelwa izindawo ezinotshani futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, ne-Mediterranean scrub. Lo mhlaba ovulekile, umphumela wamakhulu eminyaka wokuphathwa kwabantu, usuphenduke indawo yokuhlala eyingqayizivele lapho izitshalo zasendle, izilwane zomdabu, nemisebenzi yabantu efana imfuyo eningi, ukuqoqwa kwemikhiqizo yamahlathi kanye nezokuvakasha zasemaphandleni.

Ngokungafani namanye amahlathi aminyene aseMedithera, i-dehesa ibonakala ngokuba khona kwe izihlahla ezihlakazekile, ukushintshana nezindawo ezinotshani nezihlahlana, ngaleyo ndlela kukhangise a ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwemvelo kanye nezindawo ezibalulekile zemvelo zezitshalo nezilwane.

Umsuka we-dehesa uhlehlela eNkathini Ephakathi, lapho amahlathi aseMedithera eqala ukugawulwa amadlelo kanye nezolimo. Ngakho-ke, i-dehesa iwumphumela wokuguqulwa okuqaphelayo kwendawo yemvelo ukuze ivumelane nokusetshenziswa kwendabuko, okuvumela ukugcinwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphezulu kanye namagugu emvelo.

Izimpawu ezichaza idlelo

• Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Agrosilvopastoral: Kuhlanganisa ukufuywa kwezolimo, amahlathi kanye nemfuyo, izinkomo, izimvu, izimbuzi ikakhulukazi izingulube okuyizona ezihamba phambili kwezomnotho.
• Vula i-landscape ne-mosaicIzihlahla ezifana ne-holm oak, i-cork oak ne-gall oak zikhula zihlakazekile kukhaphethi wotshani nezihlahlana, okwenza kube lula ukuphilisana kwezinhlobo ezivulekile nezinhlobo zehlathi.
• Ukuphathwa kwabantu okusimeme: Uye walolongwa futhi walondolozwa ngezinqubo zokhokho ezifana ne-montanera, ukuhlubula kukakhokho, ukuthena nokuphequlula, okunomthelela ekugcineni ukwakheka nokusebenza kwe-ecosystem.
• Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphakeme: Izinhlobonhlobo zestrata (ezinotshani, izihlahlana nezihlahlana), ukuba khona kwezindawo ezincane kanye nokushintshana kwezindawo ezisetshenziswayo, kugqugquzela ukuphilisana kokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezitshalo nezilwane.

Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nesakhiwo semvelo

Ku-dehesa, inhlabathi ihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni ezinotshani zemvelo ezinezihlahla ezihlakazekile. Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezivelele hlanganisa i-holm oak (I-Quercus ilex), i-oki kakhokho (I-Quercus suber), ama-oki, izihlahla ze-carob, nezihlahla zomlotha. I-herbaceous layer yakhiwe utshani kanye nemifino ehlinzeka ngokudla kwemfuyo isikhathi esiningi sonyaka.

Vula i-landscape kanye nokusebenza

I-dehesa igcina a indawo enezinkuni evulekile kancane okuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezinotshani kanye nezihlahlana ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwezihlahla. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza indawo yokukhosela nokudla kwezinhlobo eziningi.

Ukuba khona kwezilwane ezidla uhlaza kanye nemfuyo yendabuko

Ukufuywa kwemfuyo okubanzi kungenye yemisebenzi ebalulekile e-dehesa. Izinhlobo zomdabu ziyagqama njengezingulube zase-Iberia, izimvu ze-Merino, izinkomo ze-Retinta, i-Avilanian, noma i-Morucha, kanye nezimbuzi ze-Verta noma i-Retinta. Lezi zindawo ziphinde zizale izinkunzi ezilwayo kanye namahhashi aseSpain angowokuzalwa. Ukudlisa kanye nokushintshana kwezilwane kunomthelela e ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nokulondolozwa kwe-ecosystem.

Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo kanye nesiphephelo sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo

Izilwane ze-dehesa zihluke kakhuluNgaphezu kwemfuyo, kunezinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala njenge-Iberian lynx (I-Lynx pardinus), ukhozi lwase-Iberia (Aquila adalberti), unogolantethe omnyama (ciconia nigra) nenqe elimnyama (I-Aegypius monachus).

• Izilwane ezincelisayo zasendle: Unogwaja (I-Oryctolagus cuniculus), inyamazane (I-Cervus elaphus), izingulube zasendle (I-scrofa), impungushe, ikati lasendle.
• Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane namagundane: Igundane lensimu (I-Apodemus sylvaticus), i-dormouse.
• Aves: Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-60 ezizalela izidleke njengekati elibomvu, inqe elimnyama, isikhova esimhlophe (I-Strix aluco), i-hoopoe (Uphuma epops), whitetail, wren, wood pigeon.
• Izilwane ezihuquzelayo y anfibios: I-Ocellated lizard, inyoka yaseMontpellier, iselele laseNatterjack.
• Izinambuzane nezinyosi: Inani elikhulu impova kubalulekile ekulinganiseni kwesistimu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i imigodi namanxeba eziqwini zezihlahla Umkhiqizo wokuthena kanye ne-corking uhlinzeka ngama-microhabitats ezinyoni ezinambuzane, izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo.

Ukubaluleka kwezomnotho kwamadlelo

• Ukufuywa okubanziUkukhiqizwa kwenyama, ubisi, ushizi, nenyama yase-Iberia efunzwa i-acorn kondla izinkulungwane zemikhaya yasemaphandleni. Ingulube yase-Iberia, ekhuliswe endaweni yamahhala ngesikhathi se-montanera kuma-acorns, iwuphawu lwe-dehesa kanye ne-Spanish gastronomy.
• Amahlathi: Ukukhishwa okuqhubekayo kwe ukhokho I-oki kakhokho, ngaphandle kokulimaza isihlahla, imelela umthombo oyinhloko wezomnotho ogcina amahlathi futhi uthuthukisa umnotho oyindilinga.
• Imikhiqizo yamahlathi: Ukuqoqwa kwama-acorns, amakhowe, uju, ama-truffles, izitshalo ezinephunga elimnandi nezinkuni zokubasa.
• Ezokuvakasha zasemaphandleni nezokuzithokozisaIntshisekelo ekhulayo kwezokuvakasha kwemvelo kanye nolwazi oluhlobene nempilo yasemaphandleni kanye nokubhekwa kwezilwane zasendle kwandisa ukubaluleka kwayo kwezomnotho futhi kusiza ekwakheni inani labantu ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngezinye izindawo zemvelo, sicela uvakashele izingadi ezinhle kakhulu eMadrid.

I-dehesa, yayo umsebenzi multifunctional, isibonelo somnotho osimeme nentuthuko esimeme.

Inani lamasiko nomlando wedlelo

Lo mhlaba oyingqayizivele uwumfanekiso we-a ukusebenzisana okuhlakaniphile phakathi komuntu nemvelo, ukulondoloza ukusetshenziswa namasiko okhokho njenge-pig montanera, ukuphathwa kwemfuyo, ukhokho, nokukhiqizwa kukashizi wendabuko. I-dehesa igcine izindlela zokuphila kanye namasu ezolimo nemfuyo anyamalele kwezinye izifunda, abe yingxenye ebalulekile yamagugu amasiko eNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia.

Imiphakathi yendawo idlulise ulwazi mayelana ne ukuphathwa okuzinzile we-dehesa, ukuqinisekisa ukulingana phakathi kokuxhashazwa nokongiwa kwemvelo namuhla okusebenza njengemodeli yamazwe ngamazwe yokongiwa kwezindawo zamasiko. Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nezitshalo nezilwane ze-dehesa, sincoma ukuthi uvakashele yazi izifo zikakhokho.

Inani lemvelo kanye nomsebenzi wemvelo we-dehesa

I-dehesa ayiyona nje indawo ekhiqizayo, kodwa futhi yenza imisebenzi ebalulekile yezemvelo:

• Isiphephelo sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo: Isakhiwo sawo esinezigaba (inhlabathi, ukukhuhla nezihlahla) kanye ne-mosaic yezindawo zokuhlala ezincane kuvumela ukuphilisana kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, okuhlanganisa ezinye ezihlala zikhona nezisengozini.
• Ukumuncwa kwe-CO₂Izihlahla nezindawo ezinotshani zisebenza njengamasinki ekhabhoni, okusiza ekwehliseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
• Ukuvimbela ugwaduleIzihlahla kanye nembobo yezitshalo kunciphisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi futhi kuthuthukisa ukungena kwamanzi, ukulawula imijikelezo yamanzi kanye nokushajwa kabusha kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
• I-firebreak yemvelo: AmaDehesa asebenza njengesithiyo ekushisweni kwehlathi ngenxa yesakhiwo esivulekile nokuphathwa kwenhlabathi.

Kuzo zonke lezi zizathu, i-dehesa iye yaqashelwa njenge Indawo yokuhlala enentshisekelo yomphakathi kuNatura 2000 Network ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Evergreen Quercus Pastures".

Hlobo luni lwezitshalo esiluthola ku-dehesa?

La I-dehesa igqama ngezitshalo zayo ezihlukene kakhulu, ihlelwe ngokwezigaba eziningana:

• Uhlaka lwesihlahla: Izinhlobo zohlobo ziningi I-Quercus njenge-holm oak, i-oki kakhokho, ne-gall oak. Kungase futhi kube nezihlahla zomlotha futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, izihlahla ze-oki zasePyrenean nezihlahla ze-chestnut.
• I-Strub stratum: Ukuba khona kwama-rockrose, izihlahla ze-strawberry, i-heather, umshanelo, izihlahla ze-mastic, ama-cornicabras, ama-hawthorns, amajikijolo amnyama, ama-honeysuckle, ama-roses asendle nezitshalo ezinamakha ezifana ne-rosemary, i-thyme, i-oregano, i-sage ne-lavender.
• Isendlalelo se-Herbaceous: Utshani kanye nemifino, phakathi kwazo kukhona I-poa enamandla, I-Trifolium subterraneum, i-wild oats, ibhali, i-cocksfoot, ne-sainfoin. Lo khaphethi uqinisekisa ukudla konyaka wonke kwezilwane ezidla uhlaza.
• Izitshalo eziyizifanekiselo: I-Gorse, i-chamomile, i-mint, i-rushes ne-asparagus yasendle ehlinzeka ngenani le-Culinary kanye nemvelo.

Izinhlobo zezihlahla eziyinhloko

• Umuthi wase-HolmI-Quercus ilex): I-protagonist ye-landscape, ama-acorns ayo angumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwemfuyo nezilwane zasendle.
• I-Cork oak (I-Quercus suber): Ihlinzeka ngokhokho nama-acorns. Amagxolo awo avunwa ngendlela efanele.
• i-oki (I-Quercus faginea): Itholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomswakama.
• Umlotha (I-Fraxinus angustifolia): Igcwalisa ukuhlukahluka kwesihlahla ezindaweni ezipholile.
• Uphayini wetshe: Emadlelweni axubile ikhiqiza amantongomane kaphayini, ukudla kwezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo.
• I-Chestnut nepentshisi: Njengoba zisezindaweni ezinomswakama, zinikeza izithelo ezibalulekile zokudla kwezilwane.

Utshani kanye nama-scrublands

I-Grasslands iyisisekelo sokudla salolu hlelo, inothile ngezinhlobo zaminyaka yonke kanye nezitshalo ezincane ezihlala njalo, ezilungiselelwe ngenxa ye amadlelo amakhuluI-Scrubland, nakuba incane kakhulu ezindaweni ezidliwe kakhulu, ingahlanganisa i-rockrose, i-lavender, i-rosemary, nomshanelo ophuzi, kanye nezihlahla zama-strawberry kanye ne-heather ezindaweni ezingaphazamiseki kangako.

• I-Majadal: Utshani obuminyene obuvezwa isenzo sezinkomo, obuthandwa yi- ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nomsebenzi we-microbial.
• Izitshalo: Ezindaweni ezithintekile kakhulu, ibhali, i-oats, ukolweni, kanye ne-vetch-oats kutshalwa ukondla imfuyo ngezikhathi zokushoda.

Ukunotha kwezitshalo kuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa kokudla, umthunzi, ukuvikelwa, nendawo yokuhlala, ngaphezu kokugqugquzela ukuvuthwa kwempova kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zalesi simiso.

Izilwane ze-dehesa: ipharadesi lezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo

Izilwane ezifuywayo nezasendle zihlala ndawonye ku-dehesa, kwakheka enye yezithombe ezinkulu kakhulu zemvelo eYurophu.

• Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu: I-Iberian lynx, inyamazane, izingulube zasendle, impungushe, ikati lasendle, unogwaja, unogwaja wase-Iberia.
• Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane: I-Hedgehog, igundane lensimu, i-dormouse.
• Izinyoni: Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-60 ezizalela izidleke, okuhlanganisa ukhozi, ikhayithi elibomvu, inqe elimnyama, inqe elimnyama, unogolantethe omhlophe nomnyama, i-hoopoe, i-wagtail enomsila omude, i-wren, i-wood pigeon, ne-European turtledove.
• Izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini: Isibankwa esine-ocellated, inyoka yaseMontpellier, iselesele le-natterjack, iselele le-spadefoot.
• Ama-invertebrates nama-pollinator: Izimvemvane, izinyosi, amabhungane, izintuthwane—eziningi zazo zibalulekile emjikelezweni wokuphila wesimiso sezinto eziphilayo.

Ukushintshashintsha kwezindawo ezivulekile nezindawo ezinamapulangwe kuvumela ukuhlalisana kwe izinyoni Raptors, izilwane ezizidlayo ezinkulu kanye nezinhlobo ze-necrophagous, okudala indawo enenani elikhulu lokucwaninga nokongiwa kwezilwane zasendle.

Ukusabalalisa nezinselelo zamanje ze-dehesa

I-dehesa ihlanganisa izigidi zamahektha eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, kanti i-Extremadura iyisifunda esinendawo enkulu kunazo zonke, ilandelwa yi-Andalusia, iCastile neLeón, kanye neCastile-La Mancha. Ukuphatha okusimeme kanye nezinhlelo zokongiwa kwesifunda zifuna ukugcina amandla akho emvelo, ezomnotho, namasiko.

Nokho, i-dehesa ibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu:

• Isomiso kanye nezinguquko ezibangelwa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ezibeka engozini ukulingana kohlelo.
• Izifo njengesimo sezulu esomile, esibangelwa I-Phytophthora cinnamomi, ethinta izinkulungwane zezihlahla futhi isongela ukuqhubeka nokuba khona kwehlathi. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngalesi sihloko, ungavakashela .
• Ukulahleka kwenzuzo yokufuya kakhulu, ukwanda kwezindleko zokunakekela kanye nokuntuleka koshintsho lwesizukulwane.
• Ukulahlwa kwamadlelo, ethanda i-scrubland evaliwe futhi enciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo.

Ukongiwa kwe-dehesa kudinga ukuphathwa okusebenzayo, ukwesekwa kwesikhungo, kanye nokuhlonishwa kwezomnotho nezenhlalo kwemikhiqizo etholakala kulesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo esiyingqayizivele. Ukuthuthukisa umnotho oyindilinga, ezokuvakasha ezisimeme, kanye nemfundo yezemvelo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuphila kwayo.

I-dehesa iyifa eliyigugu lezemvelo, lamasiko, nezomnotho elihlanganisa imvelo, isiko, kanye nokusha. Kuyikhaya lokusetshenziswa kokhokho kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlinzeka ngezimpahla, izinsiza ze-ecosystem, kanye nezwe lobuhle obungavamile. Ukuvikelwa kwawo kanye nokuphathwa kwawo ngendlela eqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi le mihlaba iyaqhubeka nokuba umthombo wempilo nengcebo yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.