Uma sicabanga ngesiqu somuthi engadini, cishe njalo sisihlobanisa nomuthi onqunyiwe ingxenye, into embi edinga ukususwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, Leso sihlahla esisele singaba ingcebo yangempela yemvelo. Futhi umthombo oyinhloko wengadi yakho kanye nezilwane zasendle ezihlala kuyo. Kunokuba nje kube “udoti oluhlaza,” isiqu somuthi siyindawo yokuqala yochungechunge lonke lokuphila.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izifundo zesayensi ezahlukahlukene kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphathwa kwamahlathi kubonise ukuthi Iziqu zemithi kanye nokhuni olufile kubalulekile ekuhlukahlukeni kwezinto eziphilayoKusukela emahlathini amakhulu kuya ezingadini ezincane zasemadolobheni, iziphunzi zemithi zingatholakala yonke indawo. Kukhona ngisho nocwaningo olumangalisayo olubonisa ukuthi ezinye iziphunzi zihlala kanjani ziphila ngenxa yokuxhumana kwazo nezimpande zezinye izihlahla, zakha into efana nezitshalo "eziphilayo kakhulu." Ake sibheke kabanzi ukuthi siyini isiphunzi semithi, izinhlobo ezahlukene, nokuthi singazizuzisa kanjani izilwane zasendle engadini yakho.
Siyini ngempela isiphunzi somuthi futhi yiziphi izinhlobo esingazithola?
Engadini nasemahlathini, isiqu sibizwa ngokuthi insalela yesiqu esihlala sinamathele ezimpandeni ngemva kokugawula umuthi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezifana I-Quercus roburNgokuvamile ishiywa phansi noma endaweni ephansi, kodwa kunezinhlobo eziningana zeziqu okufanele zihlukaniswe, ngoba akuzona zonke ezifeza indima efanayo yezemvelo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona isiqu sengadi "esivamile": ukusika okuphansi, eduze komhlabathiokuvame ukushiywa, kugaywe, noma kususwe ngomshini. Lolu hlobo lwesiphunzi, yize ngezinye izikhathi kwenziwa imizamo yokusisusa ngenxa yezizathu zobuhle noma zokulula, lungaba yindawo yokuhlala ewusizo kakhulu uma lushiywa lubola ngokwemvelo, lapho isikhunta esifana I-Pleurotus ostreatus.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekuphathweni kwamahlathi sikhuluma ngakho isiphunzi esiphezulu noma ihhuku lokwenziwaIsiqu somuthi siwumuthi onqunyiwe, oshiya ingxenye yesiqu phakathi kwamamitha amabili nane ukuphakama. Lolu hlobo lwesiqu lusetshenziswa ngamabomu emazweni afana neFinland neSweden ukudala izinkuni ezimile ezifile, okuwusizo kakhulu ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinambuzane, izinyoni kanye nesikhunta.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwamanye amahlathi umuntu angathola iziqu, yize zingenawo amaqabunga, Zihlala ziphila ngaphakathi ngenxa yezimpande zazoLokhu kunjalo ngesiqu esidumile se-kauri (i-Agathis australis), okuyisibonelo salokhu. ukuzivocavoca okuchazwe ocwaningweni olwenziwe abacwaningi e-Auckland University of Technology, olubonise ukuthi lesi “siqu esingenamqhele” sahlala sisebenza njengoba sasixhunywe ezimpandeni zezihlahla eziseduze.
Indaba yesiqu se-kauri esiphilayo: izihlahla ezixhumene njenge-superorganism
Ehlathini laseNew Zealand, ososayensi ababili bathola i- umuthi we-kauri wasendulo obonakala sengathi ufileOkwabakhanga ukuthi izicubu ezintsha ze-callus zavela okhunini oludala, olubolile, nokuthi isiqu salo sasikhipha i-resin, uphawu olucacile lokuthi kwakusenezingxenye eziphilayo ngaphakathi.
Bethakaselwe, baqala ukulinganisa ukuthi amanzi ayehamba kanjani ngaphakathi kwesiqu somuthi. Ukuze benze lokhu basebenzisa izinzwa zokugeleza kwe-sap yesilinganiso sokushisaezisebenza ngokuthumela ama-pulse amancane okushisa esicutshini esihambisa amanzi futhi ziqophe izinga lapho ephola khona, okuvumela ukubalwa kokuthi ngabe kukhona yini futhi ngezinga elingakanani ukujikeleza kwe-sap.
Imiphumela yayiveza obala: isiqu sasingafile. Izinga lokuphefumula kwabo kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi ezicutshini zabo kwakufana nokwezihlahla ezizungezile.Kodwa ngephethini engavamile kakhulu. Emini, lapho izihlahla ezinamahlamvu zikhula kakhulu, isiqu cishe "sasivala." Ngokuphambene nalokho, ebusuku nangezinsuku zemvula, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwezihlahla eziseduze kwehla, isiqu "sasebenza" futhi saqala ukuhambisa amanzi—kanye nekhabhoni nezakhamzimba—ngaphakathi kwaso.
Lokhu kuziphatha kukhomba isenzakalo esibizwa ngokuthi ukuxhumanisa kwe-hydraulicIzimpande zesiqu zazifakwe kwezesihlahla esisodwa noma ngaphezulu ezinempilo, okwadala inethiwekhi ehlanganyelwe yokujikeleziswa kwamanzi kanye nemithombo. Ukuxhunyelelwa kwezimpande kwenzeka lapho isihlahla sithola izicubu zezimpande ezihambisana ne-biocompatible eduze, okuvumela zombili izinhlaka ukuthi zihlangane futhi zabelane ngejusi.
Ngenxa yalokhu kuxhumana, isiqu se-kauri, esingenamaqabunga noma ikhono lokwenza i-photosynthesize, Wayesaphila ngoba wayethola ama-carbohydrate nezakhamzimba "komakhelwane bakhe abamsekelayo"Ngesiqu, inzuzo isobala: asifi naphezu kokulahlekelwa umqhele waso. Kodwa izihlahla ezinikelayo zingavuna izinzuzo, njengohlelo lwezimpande olubanzi oluthuthukisa ukuzinza kwenhlabathi ezindaweni ezinde futhi lwenze kube lula ukufinyelela emanzini ajulile.
Lokho okutholakalayo kusitshela khona ngamahlathi
Ucwaningo lwesiphunzi se-kauri lubonisa ukuthi Ubudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwezihlahla eziphilayo neziqu buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lokhu kungaphezu kwalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Akukhona nje ukuthi isiqu "siyi-parasite" engenzi lutho, kodwa ukuthi sisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izikhathi zokuntuleka kwamanzi ezihlahleni eziseduze ukuze sibambe izinsiza ohlelweni lwezimpande oluhlanganyelwe.
Lokhu kuziphatha kuhambisana nomqondo owamukelwa kabanzi wokuthi Amahlathi asebenza njengemiphakathi ebambisanayo ngempelaAbabhali abanjengoPeter Wohlleben basakaze isithombe sezihlahla njengemindeni esekelanayo, babelana ngezinsiza ngokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi ezimpande kanye nefungi le-mycorrhizal. Kusukela kulo mbono, akumangazi ukuthi umuthi oqinile "ungondla" isiqu ukuze usigcine siphila.
Abacwaningi ecaleni laseNew Zealand baze basikisele ukuthi, uma ukuthuthwa kwamanzi eceleni phakathi kwabantu kuvela ukuthi kuyinto evamile, Kuzodingeka sicabange kabusha incazelo yokuthi umuthi uyiniKunokuba kube yizinto eziphilayo ezizimele ngokuphelele, kungaba okunembe kakhudlwana ukubheka amahlathi njengezinto eziphilayo ezinkulu lapho isiqu ngasinye somuthi siyingxenye eyodwa nje yesimiso esikhulu.
Kodwa-ke, bayavuma nokuthi, okwamanje, babhale ngokuningiliziwe icala elilodwa eliqondile lesiphunzi se-kauri esiphilayo. Kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kutholakale ukuthi lesi simo sivame kangakanani. nokuthi lokhu kunemiphumela engakanani yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Noma kunjalo, uma bekhuluma namahlathi endawo, bayazi ukuthi izimo ezifanayo ziye zabonwa esikhathini esidlule nokuthi ukuxhunyelelwa kwezimpande zemvelo ezihlahleni ze-kauri bekusolwa amashumi eminyaka.
Lolu hlobo lokuthola lushintsha indlela esibheka ngayo isiqu somuthi lapho sihamba ehlathini noma engadini. Lokho okubonakala sengathi yinsalela elula, engaphili kahle kungaba... ixhunywe kunethiwekhi yokuphila engabonakali ngaphansi kwezinyawo zethuukuhlanganyela ekushintshaneni kwamanzi nezakhamzimba nezinye izihlahla.
Isiqu somuthi njengedolobha elincane: kungani ukhuni olufile luyigolide lemvelo
Ngale kweziqu eziphilayo ezixhumene nezinye izihlahla, noma yisiphi isiqu—esiphilayo noma esifile—ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, idolobha elincane langempela lezinto eziphilayoLapho nje umuthi uwela noma unqunywa futhi ukhuni seluveziwe, kuqala inqubo enzima yemvelo evame ukungaqapheli lapho uyibuka kuqala.
Kuleyo ngxenye yesiqu, isikhunta, amabhaktheriya, ama-lichen, ama-mosses, kanye nezinambuzane ezingenakubalwa zihlala, okubangela ukubola kwezinkuni nokubuyiselwa kwezakhamzimba enhlabathiniLe nqubo iyisihluthulelo sokuvala umjikelezo wemvelo: ngaphandle kokubola izinkuni ezifile, amahlathi alahlekelwa ukuzala futhi abe mpofu ezinhlotsheni; ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhunta, isibonelo, singavela okhunini. amakhowe e-oyster, abahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekwehleni.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zidinga iziqu, iziqu eziwile, noma izinsalela zezihlahla ukuze zondle. isidleke emihumeni noma ukuphephela ezitheni kanye nesimo sezulu esibiIzilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo nazo zisebenzisa lezi zakhiwo njengezindawo zokucasha ezipholile nezimanzi, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokomisa noma ezishisayo.
Ezindaweni zasehlathini, inani kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinkuni ezifile kubhekwa njenge- inkomba eqondile yempilo yesistimu, ikakhulukazi emahlathini om-oki (Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngomuthi we-okiUma kunezinkuni eziningi ezifile ezimweni ezahlukene zokubola, kulapho izindawo zemvelo eziningi zinikezwa khona izinhlobo ezikhethekile, eziningi zazo ezingenakukwazi ukuhlala emahlathini "ahlanzekile" ngokweqile.
Ngisho nasezingadini zangasese nasemapaki asemadolobheni, ukugcina izinkuni ezifile—uma nje zingabeki ingozi yokuwa noma izingozi— Kukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo endaweni futhi kuthuthukisa isakhiwo somhlabathiNgaphezu kwalokho, kusisiza siqonde ukuthi imvelo akuyona nje indawo enhle nengenasici, kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo lapho ukufa kwezinye izinto kondla khona impilo yabanye.
Iziqu zemithi ezinde: izindawo zokukhosela ezibalulekile zezinambuzane, izinyoni, nezinye izinto eziphilayo
Emazweni aseNordic njengeFinland neSweden, abaphathi bamahlathi bathole ukuthi Ukushiya iziqu zemithi ezinde ezindaweni zokugawula imithi kwenza umehluko omkhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayoIsiqu eside, esingamamitha amabili kuya kwamane ukuphakama, sinikeza uhlobo lokhuni olumile oluyivelakancane lapho ukugawula imithi kudinga kakhulu.
Ucwaningo lwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000 lwembula ukuthi, ezindaweni zokuvuselela amahlathi ezentengiselwano lapho kwakugcinwa khona iziqu ezinde, Isibalo samabhungane amaningi—kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezisengozini—sasikhula kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo lapho kungekho khona izinkuni ezifile. Inani lezinhlobo lenyuke ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-50 ngokushesha ngemva kokugawulwa kwezihlahla, futhi lalisalokhu liphezulu ngo-25-35% ngisho nangemva kweminyaka emithathu.
Lo mphumela awugcini nje ezilwaneni ezincane. Ezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezithembele okhunini olufile nazo zithola indawo yokuhlala efanelekile eziqwini ezinde. indawo yokuhlala ezinzile esikhathini esiphakathi nesikhathi esideIzinhlobo ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi, zivame ukufinyelela inani lazo eliphakeme cishe eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kokugawulwa, lapho izinkuni sezibole isikhathi esithile kodwa zisalokhu zigcina izakhiwo eziwusizo.
Isikhunta se-polypore (isikhunta esivamile esinamatheliswe okhunini) asisebenzisi kakhulu iziphunzi ezinde ngoba, ngokuvamile, Ukhuni olumile lomile kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo eziningiKodwa-ke, uma ngaphezu kokushiya isiqu siphakeme, ingxenye ephezulu yesihlahla nayo ishiywe phansi, inhlanganisela yezinkuni ezomile eziqonde phezulu kanye nezinkuni ezimanzi phansi idala i-mosaic ephelele yefungi nezilwane ezihlobene nayo.
Ama-Woodpecker angomunye wabazuzi abakhulu: Zisebenzisa iziqu zemithi ezinde ukumba izidleke nokudla izibungu zezimbungulu ezinkulu. ezihlala ngaphakathi kwehlathi. Ngemva kwalokho, ezinye izinyoni eziningi nezilwane ezincane zihlala kulezi zimbobo ezilahliwe ukuze zizalele noma ziphephele, okwandisa inani lemvelo lesiqu ngasinye.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kweFinland neSweden: amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeziqu zemithi ezinde ngonyaka
EFinland, izinkampani ezizimele kanye nohulumeni bafake ukudalwa kweziqu zemithi emide ezikhungweni zabo. ukuphathwa kwamahlathi njalo ngenhloso yokugcina "inqwaba" yezinkuni ezifile emahlathini akhiqizayo. Indlela ilula: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi esigabeni ngasinye sokubola kuhlale kunezingodo neziqu ezanele zezinhlobo ezizidingayo.
Inkampani enkulu yamahlathi yaseFinland yaqala ngokushiya iziqu ezimbili ezinde ngehektha ngalinye ezindaweni zokugawula imithi, futhi kamuva isibalo siphindwe kabili saba yiziqu ezine ngehektha ngalinyeLokhu kwenziwa kokubili ekuncipheni okuphakathi kanye nasekuvuselelweni kwezihlahla, ukukhetha ngokukhethekile imithi enenani eliphansi lokuhweba, njengeminye imithi enamaqabunga abanzi noma izibonelo zekhwalithi ephansi.
Izindleko zomnotho zalo mkhuba ziphansi kakhulu: ngokugcina izihlahla ezinenani eliphansi ukuze uziguqule zibe yiziqu, Ukulahlekelwa kulinganiselwa cishe ku-euro eyodwa ngehekthaLokhu kuyinani elincane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzuzo ezinkulu zemvelo ezitholwe. Ngokusho kwedatha yenkampani, ngaphambi kuka-2020 bashiye cishe iziqu zemithi ezinde ezingu-250.000 ngonyaka, futhi ngomgomo omusha bakhiqiza cishe ezingu-500.000 ngonyaka.
Inkampani kahulumeni ephethe amahlathi omphakathi aseFinland nayo izibekele umgomo wokudala izindawo ezizungezile Iziqu zemithi ezinde eziyi-100.000 njalo ngonyakaLesi sinyathelo sesivele sihlanganiswe neziqondiso zabo zemvelo futhi siyingxenye yenqubo evamile emsebenzini wokuvuselela kanye nokunciphisa okuphakathi.
Nakuba kwezinye izimo imiphumela ingakalandelwa ngokugcwele—ukubola kwezinkuni kuthatha iminyaka—izifundo ezenziwe eSweden, lapho lo mkhuba umdala khona, zibonisa ngokusobala ukuthi Iziqu zemithi emide zandisa ukuceba kwezinhlobo futhi zisiza ekugcineni inqwaba yezinambuzane ezikhethekile. lokho bekuzonyamalala emahlathini aphethwe kahle.
Izinzuzo zeziqu zezihlahla engadini yasekhaya
Konke okwenzeka emahlathini amakhulu kungasetshenziswa, ngezinga elincane, engadini yangasese. Isiqu somuthi egcekeni lakho akudingeki sibe yinto ecasulayo. Kungaba yinto ebalulekile ekusekeleni izilwane zasendle, thuthukisa phansi futhi unikeze isikhala isimo.
Uma unquma ukungasiphuli noma ukusisiphula isiqu, sizobola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi sinikeze indawo yokukhosela izinambuzane eziwusizo, izibungu zomhlaba, izintwala zokhuni, izicabucabu, nezinye izilwane ezincane ezingenamgogodla. Lezi zilwane zisebenza njengokudla kwezinyoni ezidla izinambuzane kanye nezilwane ezincane ezincelisayo., okuthuthukisa uchungechunge lokudla engadini yakho.
Ezimweni ezimanzi noma ezindaweni ezinezinisela ezivame kakhulu, ubuso besiqu bungase kuzovela isikhunta, ama-lichen kanye nama-mossesLezi zinto zisiza ukugcina umswakama futhi zinike ingadi ukubukeka kwemvelo kakhulu. Eminyakeni edlule, izinkuni zizothamba futhi zihlangane nomhlabathi, zithuthukise isakhiwo sazo kanye nekhono lazo lokugcina amanzi nezakhamzimba.
Ngokombono wobuhle nowokusebenza, isiqu esikhulu somuthi sinamandla amakhulu. Singaguqulwa sibe itafula lasemaphandleni, ibhentshi lesikhashana, isisekelo sembiza yezimbali yokuhlobisa noma isitendi sendlu yokugezela yezinyoniIngafakwa futhi embhedeni wezimbali, ozungezwe yizitshalo ezihlala isikhathi eside "ezizamukelayo" futhi zifihle ingxenye yazo, ngaphandle kokunciphisa inani layo lemvelo.
Esikhundleni sokukubona njengento "edabukisayo" noma engabukeki kahle, kufanelekile ukucabangela isiqu somuthi njenge isikhumbuzo esincane semijikelezo yemvelo yengadi yakho: imelela indaba yesihlahla esingasekho lapho, kodwa esikhuni saso siqhubeka nokondla impilo emazingeni amaningi.
Ukuvumela isiqu sibole: enye indlela elula yokusisiphula
Ukususa isiqu somuthi ngokuphelele, kungaba ngemishini noma ngokumba ngesandla, kungaba kubi kakhulu, kube nzima, futhi kulimaze ngisho nenhlabathi kanye nezimpande zezinye izitshalo. Inketho ethandwa kakhulu yile vumela isiqu sibole endaweni yaso, ukuyiguqula ibe “umquba omncane wokunethezeka” wengadi yakho.
Ukuze usheshise inqubo kancane, ungazijwayeza. izimbobo ezimbalwa phezulu kwesiqu Usebenzisa i-drill bit enkulu, bhoboza imigodi bese uyigcwalisa ngemfucuza encane yasensimini noma umquba, okwenza kube lula ukungena komswakama, isikhunta, kanye nezinambuzane ezibolayo. Inhloso akukhona ukuphoqa ukubola ngamandla, kodwa ukusekela inqubo yemvelo.
Okwamanje, esikhundleni sokushiya isiqu singenalutho, kungumqondo omuhle kakhulu yihlanganise embhedeni wezimbali noma embhedeni wezimbaliUngatshala izimbali, izitshalo ezinephunga elimnandi, kanye nesembozo somhlabathi nxazonke ukuze umboze isisekelo futhi udale indawo yemvelo kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinye izitshalo zizohlala ngisho nasemifantwini yokhuni, zilunike ukubukeka njengesiqu "esiphilayo".
Uma ukhathazekile ngokuphepha noma ukusebenza kahle, ungasika isiphunzi sibe ukuphakama okukhululekile bese usisebenzisa njenge... melela imbiza enkulu yezimbali, isithombe sengadi, noma indawo yokugezela yezinyoniNgakho-ke, ngaphezu komsebenzi wayo wemvelo, igcwalisa indima yokuhlobisa nokusebenza egwema umuzwa wokulahlwa.
Nakuba kungekho mthetho oqinile mayelana nokuthi kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani ukunyamalala, kuye ngohlobo lwesihlahla, umswakama kanye nesimo sezulu, isiqu sesihlahla singaba Kungathatha noma yikuphi kusukela eminyakeni embalwa kuya eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi ukubola ngokuphelele.Kuyo yonke leso sikhathi, izobe inondla inhlabathi futhi ihlinzeke indawo yokuhlala ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane.
Kukho konke esikubonile, kusobala ukuthi isiqu somuthi engadini akuyona into engathandeki ekupheleni komuthi, kodwa ukuqala kwesigaba semvelo esinzima nesibalulekile okuzuzisa izilwane zasendle, inhlabathi, kanye nesakhiwo sendawo ezungezile. Kusukela eziqwini eziphilayo ezimangalisayo ezixhunywe ezimpandeni zomakhelwane bazo, kuya eziqwini ezinde ezisindisa izinhlobo zezinambuzane futhi zinikeze amakhaya eziqoqi, kuya esiqwini esithobekile engadini yasekhaya eba yindawo yokukhosela, itafula, indawo yokutshala, noma indawo yokuphuzela, konke kusikhumbuza ukuthi emvelweni cishe akukho lutho oluyincithakalo engenamsebenzi. Ukusebenzisa lezi zinsalela zezinkuni ngombono obanzi akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa izilwane zasendle endaweni yethu, kodwa futhi kusisiza ukuthi sizivumelanise nomqondo wokuthi inhloso yazo zonke izitshalo, empeleni, ingenye indlela yokuqhubeka nokusekela impilo.
