Ukutshalwa kwe-guava sekuphenduke umkhuba wangempela phakathi kwalabo abafuna izithelo ezingavamile, ezinomsoco, futhi okulula ukuzikhiqiza ekhaya. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zenhlabathi nezimo zezulu ezihlukahlukene, kanye nezinzuzo eziningi zesithelo saso nobuhle besihlahla saso, kusho ukuthi bayanda abantu abafuna ukwazi indlela yokutshala nokunakekela kahle ugwava. Uma ubheke ukwengeza ukuthinta kwezindawo ezishisayo engadini noma engadini yakho, noma umane ufuna ukujabulela izithelo zayo ezilayishwe uvithamini C, lesi sihloko ngeyakho.
Ngezansi uzothola umhlahlandlela obanzi wokuthi ungatshala kanjani, unakekele, futhi uthole okuningi kugwava. Sihlanganisa ulwazi lwakamuva kakhulu nolubalulekile oluvela kochwepheshe nemithombo eyaziwayo, sichaza yonke into kusukela kumasu okutshala angcono kakhulu kuya ekulawuleni izinambuzane, ukuthena, ukuvundisa, ukuvuna, kanye nezinto ezithokozisayo zamasiko. Lungela ukuthola konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-Psidium guajava futhi uthathe ulwazi lwakho olukhulayo uluyise kwelinye izinga!
Iyini i-guava futhi kungani ikhula?
I-Guava, ngokwesayensi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Psidium guajava, isihlahla sesithelo somndeni wakwaMyrtaceae, odabuka ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMelika. Ngenxa yokunambitheka kwaso okungaqondakali kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezakhi, ikakhulukazi i-vitamin C, lesi sithelo sizuze indawo ehloniphekile kokubili izingadi zasekhaya nasemapulazini okuhweba. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwawo ekudleni, ugwava ubuye usetshenziswe ekwenzeni ujamu, amajusi, nama-dessert, futhi amaqabunga awo anezakhi zokwelapha ezaziswa kakhulu ekufakweni kwendabuko.
Ngokombono wokuhlobisa, isihlahla sikagwava siletha umoya ongavamile nezingadi namasimu, ngenxa yamaqabunga ayo anephunga elimnandi, izimbali ezimhlophe nezithelo ezinemibala egqamile. Iwuhlobo oluphakathi nendawo, olunezibonelo ezisukela ku-3 kuya ku-10 wamamitha ukuphakama, nesiqu esibushelelezi namagxolo anamagqabhagqabha, okwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Ngokwezinga le-ecology, ugwava ubalulekile ngoba udonsa impova njengezinyosi nezimvemvane futhi uhlinzeka ngokukhosela ezilwaneni ezisizayo. Futhi ingxenye engcono kakhulu: iyisitshalo esilungele abaqalayo, njengoba ayidingi ukunakekelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ibekezelela umkhawulo wephutha elithile ekuniseleni nasekuvundiseni.
Izici ze-botanical nokuzivumelanisa nezimo
I-guava iyisihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esinamagatsha amaningi noma isihlahla esinamaqabunga e-lanceolate, isikhumba, aluhlaza okumnyama, ahlelwe ngokuphambene futhi ane-petiole emfushane. Iphunga layo libangelwa izindlala zamafutha ezikhona emaqabunga. Izimbali, ezimhlophe kanye ne-hermaphrodite, zingavela zodwa noma ngamaqembu, ezinama-stamens amaningi enza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwempova, ikakhulukazi ukuvuthwa kwempova, ngenxa yokungenelela kwezinambuzane ezifana ne-bee Apis mellifera.
Isithelo siyijikijolo esiyindilinga, esinesikhumba esiphuzi noma esiluhlaza kuye ngokuvuthwa, kanye ne-pulp ehluka ngokumhlophe, ebomvana, ephuzi noma ebomvu. Ukunambitheka kwayo kunamandla futhi kuyisici, kunembewu encane ngaphakathi. Lokhu kuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo kwemibala kanye nama-flavour phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo kungesinye sezizathu zempumelelo yazo kokubili ukulima kwezentengiselwano kanye nasekhaya.
Ngokuqondene nokuvumelana nezimo, amagwava angakhula ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo zezulu nezinhlobo zenhlabathi, inqobo nje uma ukuthanda kwawo izindawo ezifudumele kanye nenhlabathi evuthwe kahle kuhlonishwa. Ibekezelela izikhathi zesomiso esisesilinganisweni, nakuba umswakama olawulwayo uthuthukisa ukukhula kwayo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezithelo.
Izidingo zesimo sezulu nomhlabathi kagwava
I-guava ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezifudumele futhi ayibekezeleli isithwathwa esinamandla. Izinga layo lokushisa elilungile liphakathi kuka-20 no-30 °C, nakuba likwazi ukumelana nokwehla ngezikhathi ezithile liye ku-5 °C uma livikelwe kahle. Nokho, amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-3°C angayilimaza kakhulu.
Mayelana nomswakama, isihlahla sikagwava sibekezelela ububanzi obuhlukahlukene, ukusuka ku-37% kuya ku-96% womswakama ohlobene. Amanzi amaningi kakhulu kufanele agwenywe ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwezithelo, njengoba lokhu kubangela ukubola kanye nezinkinga zesikhunta.
Umhlabathi okahle kufanele ujule, unothe ngezinto eziphilayo, ube nokugeleza kahle kwamanzi kanye ne-pH ephakathi kuka-5.0 no-7.0. Nakuba ugwava ubonisa ukubekezelela inhlabathi ene-acidic eyengeziwe noma ngisho ne-alkaline kancane (4,5 kuya ku-8,2), ukweqisa kungase kubangele ukuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa. Impande yawo enkulu i-taproot, enezimpande eziningi ezincane ezenza kube lula ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba namanzi, kodwa futhi zikwenza kube sengozini yokugcwala kwamanzi.
Ukuze ulungise inhlabathi, kuhle ukuthi uyifake ngaphansi bese uyixuba nomquba nesihlabathi esimahhadla ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugeleza kwamanzi. Uma inhlabathi inobumba, amandla kagwava okugcina amanzi angaba yingozi, ngakho ukwengeza izinto eziphilayo kanye nokulungisa ukuthungwa kuzoba ukhiye ekugwemeni izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo.
Ukutshala nokusabalalisa i-guava: amasu ayinhloko
Isihlahla sikagwava singasatshalaliswa ngembewu noma ngezindlela zokutshala (ukubeka umoya, ukusikwa, noma ukuxhunyelelwa). Inqubo ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo kanye nezici zayo, ivumelanisa nezidingo nolwazi lomlimi.
- Ukusabalala kwembewu: Kunconywa ukuthi uwacwilise emanzini amahora angu-24 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela ukuze kube lula ukuhluma. Kufanele zitshalwe entwasahlobo, okungcono emgodini ongaba ngu-50 cm ububanzi nokujula. Beka imbewu eminingana (cishe isithupha) bese uyinciphisa ngemva kwalokho, ushiye isithombo sinamandla. Gcina i-substrate imanzi kodwa ingalokothi igcwale amanzi, unisela ngokusesilinganisweni kathathu ngeviki.
- Ukusakazeka ngokwengqimba yomoya: Khetha amagatsha angaphezu konyaka ubudala, wenze ukusika kuka-1,5 cm, sebenzisa i-hormone yezimpande, futhi umboze nge-moss, i-peat, noma i-sawdust emanzi esikhwameni esicacile. Uma izimpande zivela esikhathini esingangenyanga, hlukanisa ihlumela bese ulitshala endaweni yalo yokugcina.
- Ukusabalalisa nge-cuttings: Sika izingxenye zehlumela ezingaphansi konyaka ubudala (cishe ama-25 cm nama-node amabili), susa amanye amaqabunga, sebenzisa i-hormone yezimpande bese utshala ku-substrate emanzi. Ngemva kwenyanga, uma konke kuhamba kahle, izimpande zizobe sezivele.
- I-Graft: Okujwayelekile emasimini okuhweba ukuqinisekisa izinhlobo nokunciphisa ukungena kokukhiqiza. I-patch grafting isetshenziswa, kusetshenziswa isithombo njengesiphunzi kanye negatsha lesihlahla esifunwayo njengezinhlobonhlobo.
Ukukhetha kuncike ekutheni ufuna isivinini, ukufana noma ubulula. Ukusabalalisa ngembewu kulula kodwa kukhiqiza izitshalo eziguquguqukayo futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthela izithelo; Izindlela zemifino ziqinisekisa i-homogeneity kanye ne-precocity ekukhiqizeni.
Ungatshala kanjani ugwava isinyathelo ngesinyathelo
Isikhathi esikahle sokutshala ugwava kusentwasahlobo, lapho amazinga okushisa ekhuphuka kanye nengozi yesithwathwa inyamalala. Uma utshala emhlabathini, yimba umgodi okungenani ongu-50 x 50 x 50 cm, uwugcwalise kancane ngomquba nesihlabathi noma i-perlite ukuze ukhiphe amanzi, bese ubeka isithombo noma imbewu endundumeni encane. Mboza ngenhlabathi, cindezela kancane bese uchelela ngobumnene ukuxazulula i-substrate.
Ezingadini zasemadolobheni noma zethala, ungaqala ugwava ezimbizeni ezinkulu nge-substrate yendawo yonke exutshwe nesihlabathi esimahhadla kanye nomquba. Khetha isitsha esikhulu, njengoba izimpande zesihlahla sikagwava zinamandla futhi zidinga indawo eningi ukuze ugweme ukucindezeleka futhi ukhuthaze ukukhula. Qiniseka ukuthi ibhodwe linezimbobo ezanele zokudonsa amanzi.
Ibanga lokutshala libalulekile ezingadini zemifino, ikakhulukazi uma uhlela ukutshala izitshalo eziningana. Amafreyimu afanelekile yilawo asukela ku-4,5 x 1,5 m emasimini aqinile kuya ku-5 x 5 m ezinhlelweni ezinokuhlukana okukhulu nokuthuthuka. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuncintisana ngokukhanya nezakhamzimba, futhi kunciphisa ukudluliswa kwezifo.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala, vikela isithombo emoyeni onamandla naselanga elibi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi samagagasi okushisa noma, ezindaweni ezipholile, ezinekhava ekhanyayo ebusuku ngesikhathi sokumila kwentwasahlobo yokuqala.
Ukunisela kanye nomswakama: kanjani futhi nini ukuchelela ugwava
Isihlahla sikagwava sifuna ngokusesilinganisweni samanzi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhula nesigaba sokuqhakaza. Ukunisela izikhathi ezi-2 kuya kwezi-3 ngesonto ehlobo ngokuvamile kwanele ukugcina umswakama owanele, njalo ukugwema ukugeleza kwamanzi, okungenye yezitha zayo eziyinhloko.
Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-drip irrigation system, njengoba igcina umswakama njalo ngaphandle kokumanzisa amahlamvu futhi inciphisa ingozi yezifo zesikhunta. Uma unisela mathupha, kwenze njalo ekuseni kakhulu noma ntambama.
Ebusika noma ngezinkathi zemvula, nciphisa imvamisa futhi ulawule ukugeleza kwamanzi. Amanzi amaningi ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwezithelo akhuthaza ukubola futhi anciphise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina.
Iqhinga elisebenzayo lokuvikela izimpande ukusebenzisa i-mulch phansi kwesihlahla, esiza ekulondolozeni umswakama nokugwema ukushintsha okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa emhlabathini.
Ukukhanya okufanelekile kanye nezinga lokushisa likagwava
Isihlahla sikagwava sidinga ilanga eligcwele, okungenani amahora angu-6-8 okukhanya okuqondile nsuku zonke ukuze sithuthuke kahle. Indawo enelanga ithanda ukuqhakaza, ukuthela kanye nekhwalithi yomsoco yesithelo.
Uma uyikhulisa endlini noma ezindaweni ezinokukhanya okuphansi, ungakwazi ukwengeza ukukhanya kwemvelo ngezibani ezikhulayo. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezinyangeni zasebusika noma ezindaweni ezinobusika obude.
Ngokuqondene nezinga lokushisa, kuhle ukuligcina liphakathi kuka-20 no-30 °C. Uma kunengozi yesithwathwa endaweni yangakini, vikela izitshalo ezincane ngemihubhe, izingubo zokulala ezishisayo, noma i-mulch eningi. Nakuba zikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-5°C, ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa aphansi kunciphisa ukukhula futhi kungathinta isivuno esilandelayo.
Ukuvundisa: Ungavundisa kanjani ugwava ukuze uthole izithelo ezingcono
Ukuvundisa kubalulekile ukuze izihlahla zikagwava zikhule zinempilo futhi zikhiqize izithelo ezinkulu, ezihlwabusayo. Ngonyaka wokuqala, umanyolo ocebile nge-nitrogen kanye ne-potassium ne-phosphorus kwanele ukwenza kube lula ukukhula kwezimpande namaqabunga. Isibonelo somthamo kungaba u-4 g we-nitrogen, 4 g we-phosphorus no-40 g we-potassium isitshalo ngasinye.
Njengoba isitshalo sikhula, isidingo somsoco siyakhula. Kusukela onyakeni wesibili kuya phambili, ungangeza umanyolo wezinto eziphilayo noma umquba kathathu ngonyaka, futhi njalo ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili noma ezintathu wengeze umanyolo wamaminerali wohlobo lwe-10-30-10 (ocebile nge-phosphorus ne-potassium kune-nitrogen), ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza nenkathi yokubeka izithelo.
Iphutha elivamile ukusebenzisa kabi i-nitrogen lapho usumdala, ethanda amaqabunga amaningi kodwa izimbali nezithelo ezimbalwa. Yenza ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi njalo ukuze ulungise izidingo zesitshalo sakho futhi uvimbele ukushiyeka.
Kungcono ngaso sonke isikhathi ukusabalalisa iminikelo ngezikhathi ezimbalwa ezincane kunokuvundisa okukodwa okunamandla, njengoba lokhu kuvimbela ukushiswa okukhulu futhi kusiza ukumuncwa kancane kancane.
Amasu okuthena nokuqeqesha
Ukuthena kungenye yezihluthulelo zokugcina isihlahla sikagwava sikhiqiza futhi sinempilo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa okufanele uzazi:
- Ukwakha izihlahla: Kwenziwa lapho isitshalo silinganisa phakathi kuka-30 no-50 cm. Iqukethe ukusika ihlumela lokugcina ukuze kuvuse ukuthuthukiswa kwamagatsha aseceleni. Okuhle wukuhlala namagatsha ayi-8 kuya kwayi-12 asabalaliswe kahle.
- Ukuthenwa kwendle: Susa amagatsha agulayo, alimele, noma angamile kahle ukuze uvimbele ukusabalala kwezinambuzane nezifo.
- Ukukhiqiza izihlahla: Ngemva kokuvuna, susa wonke amagatsha asethele izithelo. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuvela kwamahlumela amasha futhi kuqinisekisa isivuno esilandelayo esichichimayo.
- Ukuthenwa kwegatsha: Igxila ekukhiqizeni endaweni emaphakathi yesihlahla, ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwezimbali kumahlumela kusukela endaweni yesibili kuya yesine.
Isincomo esibalulekile: phakathi nezinyanga eziyishumi zokuqala emva kokutshala, susa zonke izimbali. Ngale ndlela, lesi sitshalo sigxilisa amandla aso ekukhuleni nasekuthatheni izimpande kahle, okuguqulela ekubeni isivuno esihle esikhathini esizayo.
Izinambuzane nezifo: ukuvimbela nokwelashwa
Njenganoma yisiphi isihlahla sezithelo, ugwava ungase uhlaselwe izinambuzane nezifo, okuthi uma zinganakwa, zonakalisa isitshalo sonke. Ezivame kakhulu nendlela yokwelapha:
- Fruit fly kanye ne-guava fly: Abantu abadala babhoboza isithelo ukuze bafake izibungu ezidla ku-pulp. Sebenzisa izinhlobo ezingazweli, susa izithelo eziwile, vala izithelo ngezikhwama, futhi ubeke izicupho ukuze unciphise umthelela wazo.
- I-Guava weevil: Umonakalo omkhulu obangelwa izibungu ngaphakathi kwesithelo. Faka isithelo esikhwameni bese ususa noma yisiphi isithelo esithintekile, futhi ufake nama-insecticide ngesikhathi sonyaka ophakeme.
- Ama-aphid: Bahlasela amahlumela namaqabunga, benza isitshalo buthaka futhi badlulise izifo. Susa ukhula, setha izicupho eziphuzi ze-chromatic futhi usebenzise ama-insecticide e-systemic uma ukuhlasela kunzima kakhulu.
- Izibungu: Babangela amabala nokuwa kwamaqabunga. Gcina umswakama ophezulu, susa imfucumfucu yezitshalo, futhi usebenzise amanye ama-acaricide ukuze uvimbele ukumelana.
Isifo esiyinhloko esingathinta ugwava yi-anthracnose, ebangelwa isikhunta, ekhiqiza amabala ayindilinga futhi ikhiphe ezithelweni. Ukuyivimbela kuhilela ukususa imfucumfucu ethintekile, ukulawula umswakama, nokusebenzisa imithi yokuvimbela yethusi. Isifo sokhwekhwe, esithandwa umswakama ophezulu, singalimaza izithelo namahlumela, ngakho-ke ukugcina umoya omuhle kanye nokwenza izihlahla ezifanele kusiza ukunciphisa ukwenzeka kwaso.
Ukuvuna nangemva kokuvuna: ukuvunwa nokugcinwa kwamagwava
I-Guava ivunwa ezikhathini ezimbili eziyinhloko: ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla, nasekupheleni kobusika. Ukuvuthwa okufanele ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokushesha kunqunywa umbala wesikhumba, okufanele uthole amathoni aphuzi. Ngokusetshenziswa kwezimboni noma ezokuthutha, kungcono ukuvuna izithelo ezingavuthiwe eziqinile.
Isikhathi esikahle sokuvuna kusekuseni, ukukhetha izithelo eziqinile nezinemibala eminingi. Hlunga ama-guava ngosayizi nesisindo ukuze agcinwe kalula futhi adayiswe. Izigaba zezohwebo, isibonelo, ziyahlukahluka kokungeziwe (80-120 g), eyokuqala (60-80 g), eyesibili (45-60 g) neyesithathu (25-45 g).
Ukuze uzigcine, kunconywa ukuthi uzigcine endaweni ebandayo ku-8-10°C kanye nomswakama ongu-90% wezithelo eziluhlaza noma ezivuthwayo. Izithelo ezivuthiwe, eziphuzi zigcinwa kangcono emazingeni okushisa aphansi kancane futhi isikhathi esingangesonto elilodwa. Uma unokuningi, ungawacubungula abe amajamu, amajusi, noma uwamise, uhlale ugcina uchungechunge olubandayo ukuze uqinisekise ikhwalithi.
Izifiso zamasiko nokunye ukusetshenziswa kwamagwava
Emasikweni amaningi aseMelika Ephakathi naseCaribbean, igwava lifanekisela ukusha nokuchuma, Kuvamile ukunikeza amagatsha noma izithelo njengezipho emikhosini yomndeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinganekwane ezithandwayo ezihlobanisa nokuchichima nokuvikelwa kwekhaya.
Amaqabunga e-guava asetshenziswa ekufakweni ukwelapha izinkinga zokugaya nokuphefumula, kanye nezitshalo zezitshalo zisetshenziselwa izimonyo zemvelo ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-antioxidant, ikakhulukazi ukunakekelwa kwesikhumba.
Ekulimani, amagwava aziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokumelana kwawo kanye nephunga elimnandi lamaqabunga awo, Ingakha umthunzi emayadini amancane futhi ihehe izilwane ezisizayo ezinenzuzo.
Ukukhulisa ugwava ekhaya kuwukuzithokozisa okuzuzisayo: ngaphezu kokujabulela isithelo esihlwabusayo nesinomsoco, uzoba neqhaza ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, uthuthukise indlela odla ngayo, futhi ujabulele isihlahla esihle nesiqinile. Ngokunisela ngendlela efanele, ukuthena, ukudla okunomsoco, nokulawula izinambuzane, isihlahla sakho sikagwava singathela izithelo iminyaka, ngisho nasezindaweni ezincane. Ukuqalisa ngensimu yezithelo eshisayo kulula kunalokho kubonakala, futhi ngokunakekelwa okufanele, uzoqiniseka ukuthi uyaphumelela.
