Izinhlobo zikamanyolo we-organic kanye nezinzuzo zawo: Umhlahlandlela ophelele wokuvundisa okusimeme

Ukuvundisa okusimeme sekungenye yezinsika eziyisisekelo zalabo abafuna ukulondoloza impilo yezitshalo zabo, izingadi namasimu ezithelo. Umanyolo wemvelo Umanyolo uthathe inkundla enkulu ngenxa yokukhathazeka okukhulayo kwezemvelo kanye nokufuna ezinye izindlela zemvelo ezibuyisela futhi zigcine ukuvunda komhlabathi kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okunempilo, okusezingeni eliphezulu. Kulo mhlahlandlela obanzi, sizohlola ukuthi ziyini, zihlukaniswa kanjani, izinzuzo zazo eziyinhloko uma ziqhathaniswa nomanyolo wamakhemikhali, kanye nendlela yokukhetha inketho efaneleke kakhulu ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zenhlabathi ngayinye noma isilimo ngasinye.

Yini umanyolo we-organic futhi kungani ubalulekile?

I-Los Umanyolo wemvelo Ziyizinto zemvelo zemvelo, ezitholakala ekuboleni kwemfucumfucu yezitshalo noma yezilwane noma izinqubo zemvelo, umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ungu. thuthukisa izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, ezingokomzimba nezebhayoloji zomhlabathiNgokungafani nama-fertilizer okwenziwa, awanawo ngokuphelele amakhemikhali okwenziwa futhi ahlanganisa ngokuphelele umjikelezo wemvelo.

Phakathi kwezici zayo eziyinhloko kukhona:

• Unayo isilwane, imifino noma imvelaphi yamaminerali.
• Banikeza ama-macronutrients abalulekile njenge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium, kanye nama-micronutrients kanye ne-organic matter.
• Kuyimikhiqizo edinga izinqubo zokubola kwebhayoloji ukuze imisoco yazo itholakale ezitshalweni.
• wakhe nemvelo kanye neqhaza ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi.

La ukubaluleka komanyolo we-organic Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi asiza ukugaywa kabusha kwezakhi, akhuthaze ukuphila kwamagciwane, athuthukise ukwakheka kwenhlabathi namandla okugcina amanzi, futhi avumele ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo okunokulinganisela nokuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kunciphisa ukuncika kumanyolo okwenziwa, okunemiphumela yesikhathi eside engaba yingozi kukhwalithi yenhlabathi kanye nemvelo ezungezile.

Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zomanyolo we-organic ngokumelene nomanyolo wamakhemikhali

• Ukugaywa kabusha kukadoti wemvelo: Umanyolo wemvelo uguqula izinsalela zezitshalo, indle yezilwane, nezinye izinto ezikhiqizwayo zibe umanyolo obalulekile, othuthukisa umnotho oyindilinga futhi wehlise imfucuza.
• Ukwenza kusebenze impilo yomhlabathi: Bakhuthaza ukwanda kwama-microorganisms abalulekile, amagciwane kanye nesikhunta ezibola izinto eziphilayo futhi zenze kube lula ukukhululwa okuqhubekayo kwezakhamzimba.
• Ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka komhlabathi: Zandisa i-porosity, i-sponginess kanye namandla okugcina amanzi, zenza kube lula ukungena komoya kanye nokungena kwamanzi.
• Ukutholakala kancane kancane komsoco: Ukukhipha kancane kancane kuvimbela ukuphakama kokuvundisa futhi kunciphisa izingozi zokuvuza noma ukunqwabelana kukasawoti.
• Umthelela omncane kwezemvelo: Njengoba ingenawo amakhemikhali okwenziwa, awakhiqizi ukungcoliswa kwama-leachate noma imfucumfucu enobuthi.
• Ukwesekwa kokusimama kwezolimo: Zigcina futhi zibuyisele ukuvunda kwemvelo kwenhlabathi, zikhuthaza ukusimama kwesimiso semvelo, futhi zisize ukunciphisa ukuguguleka nokuwohloka komhlaba.
• Ukwehliswa kwezindleko zesikhathi eside: Ukuzikhiqizela umanyolo wasekhaya kunciphisa ukuncika ezintweni ezifakwa ngaphandle futhi kukhuthaza ukuzimela komlimi.
• Ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokunambitha kwemikhiqizo: Izitshalo ezivundisiwe zivamise ukuba nokunambitheka okungcono, ukudla okunomsoco okuphezulu, nokumelana kakhulu nezinambuzane nezifo.
• Ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni nokongiwa kwesimo sezulu: Ngokwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-organic matter, inhlabathi inamandla amakhulu okubamba nokugcina ikhabhoni yasemkhathini, okunomthelela ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Ukuhlukaniswa komanyolo we-organic ngokuya ngemvelaphi yawo

Izinhlobonhlobo zomanyolo we-organic zingahlukaniswa ikakhulukazi ngezigaba ezintathu ezinkulu kuye ngohlobo lwezingxenye zawo: umanyolo wezilwane, imifino kanye nemvelaphi yamamineraliIqembu ngalinye linikeza izici ezithile kanye nezinzuzo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukukuqonda kabanzi ukuze ukhethe okufanele kakhulu enhlabathini yakho kanye nohlobo lwezitshalo.

Umanyolo osuselwa ezilwaneni

Lawa ma-fertilizer atholakala emfuyweni nasemfuyweni noma emikhiqizweni yokudoba. Okwaziwa kakhulu kuhlanganisa:

• Ubulongwe bezinkomo: Kungavela enkomeni, ehhashini, emvu, embuzini, engulubeni, noma enkukhuni (umquba wezinkukhu). Ukwakheka kwayo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo, ukudla, ukuphathwa, nokuvuthwa. Kuyaphawuleka ngegalelo layo le-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium, i-calcium ne-organic matter. Kubalulekile ukwenza umquba ngaphambi kokuwugcoba ukuze ugweme izinkinga ze-phytotoxicity noma ze-pathogen.
• I-Bat guano: Kubhekwa njengomanyolo ogxile kakhulu, ocebile kakhulu ku-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, nama-micronutrients. Ilungele izitshalo eziqhakaza nezitshalo ezifunayo.
• Igazi elomile nesidlo samathambo: Imikhiqizo ye-slaughterhouse ene-nitrogen ephezulu (igazi elomisiwe) kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus/calcium (amathambo), ngokulandelana. Igazi elomile lisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izitshalo ezinamaqabunga aluhlaza, futhi ukudla kwamathambo kusetshenziselwa ukugqugquzela ukukhula kwezimpande nokuqhakaza.
• Ukudla kwezinsiba neminye imikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo: I-Feather meal ingumthombo we-nitrogen ekhishwa kancane. Kukhona futhi umanyolo owuketshezi osuselwa ku-emulsion yezinhlanzi noma ama-hydrolysates ezinhlanzi, ahlinzeka ngama-macronutrients afakwe ngokushesha kanye nezakhi zokulandelela.
• Umchamo wezilwane: Nakuba isetshenziswa kancane, iqukethe i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium ekugxilweni okungasetshenziswa ngokuphathwa ngendlela efanele.

Ukuphatha ngendlela efanele kanye nokwenza umquba kubalulekile ukuze ugweme izingozi zezempilo futhi uqinisekise ukubola okuphelele kwezinto eziphilayo ngaphambi kokuzifaka emhlabathini.

Umanyolo wemvelaphi yezitshalo

Umanyolo wezitshalo utholakala ezinsalela zezitshalo, amaqabunga, amagatsha, izimbali, imbewu, kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo. Ziphawuleka ngokushesha ukubola, ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, nokuhlinzeka ngenani elikhulu lezakhamzimba, ikakhulukazi i-potassium ne-organic matter.

• Umquba: Ukwenza umquba kuwumkhiqizo wokuvutshelwa kanye nokubola kwe-aerobic kwezitshalo eziphilayo (futhi ngezinye izikhathi izilwane) ezisele. Ukwenza umquba kukhiqiza umanyolo ocebile ngemisoco, ama-microorganisms, kanye ne-humus, ebalulekile ekuvundeni kwenhlabathi nempilo.
• I-Worm humus (i-vermicompost): Ikhiqizwa umsebenzi wokugaya weminyundu ezintweni eziphilayo. Inikeza iphrofayili enomsoco elinganiselayo kanye nama-microorganisms amaningi anenzuzo. Inikeza i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium, nezinhlanganisela ezikhuthaza ukumelana kwemvelo kwezitshalo.
• Ubulongwe obuluhlaza: Kuhlanganisa ukuhlwanyela izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo (imidumba, utshani, noma imifino ye-cruciferous) bese uvuna bese uzifaka enhlabathini. Athuthukisa ukuthungwa, alungise i-nitrogen yasemkhathini, avimbele ukuguguleka, futhi ahlinzeke ngezinto eziphilayo ezibola ngokushesha.
• Ufulawa wembewu, i-gluten kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo: I-Alfalfa, ubhontshisi wesoya, i-cottonseed, kanye ne-corn gluten meal inothile nge-nitrogen ne-potassium. Ukudla kwe-alfalfa nakho kuqukethe ama-phytohormones emvelo akhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo.
• Izitshalo zezitshalo nama-macerates: I-seaweed, nettle, ne-comfrey zigqama ngeqhaza lazo lezakhi zokulandelela, ama-phytohormones, kanye nezakhiwo ezivuselelayo noma ze-biostimulant.
• Umlotha wemifino: Icebile nge-potassium nama-micronutrients, okunconywa ukulungisa inhlabathi ene-asidi nokuhlinzeka ngamaminerali.
• Peat: Umkhiqizo wezitshalo obola kancane othuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi nokugcinwa kwamanzi, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwawo kufanele kuqhubeke ukugwema ukulimaza imvelo ye-peatland.

Umanyolo wamaminerali

Nakuba ngokwesiko i-organic ibhekwa njengalokho okuvela ezidalwa eziphilayo, emkhakheni wezolimo eziphilayo ezinye amaminerali emvelo Zibuye zamukelwe njengomanyolo we-organic, njengoba zingazange zibe ngaphansi kwezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezimbonini. Okugqamile kufaka phakathi:

• I-Rock phosphate: Umthombo wemvelo nowongayo we-phosphorus ekhishwa kancane.
• I-Langbeinita: Inikeza i-potassium, i-magnesium nesibabule nge-solubility ephezulu yezitshalo.
• I-Sand/greensandstone: Ukuchitshiyelwa okuhle kakhulu kwenhlabathi enamaminerali ampofu, ikakhulukazi i-potassium.
• I-limestone ephansi: Isetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-pH yomhlabathi futhi inikeze i-calcium ngendlela eqhubekayo.
• Uthuli lwamadwala: Ivumela ukugcwalisa uhla olubanzi lwama-micronutrients kanye nezakhi zokulandelela.

Lawa ma-fertilizer amaminerali emvelo atuswa ikakhulukazi emhlabathini osuphelile noma ukulinganisa umsoco ezitshalweni ezinzima.

Umanyolo we-organic ngokuya ngefomethi kanye nendlela yokufaka

Ngaphezu kwemvelaphi yabo, ama-fertilizer e-organic ahlukaniswa ngokusho kwawo Ifomethi yomzimba kanye nalo imodi yohlelo lokusebenza:

Umanyolo oqinile we-organic

Zimelela uhlobo oluvame kakhulu nolwendabuko lomanyolo. Zingasetshenziswa ngqo emhlabathini noma zifakwe ngesikhathi sokutshala. Amafomu abo amakhulu yilawa:

• I-Ground noma impushana: Ihlangana kalula nomhlabathi noma ingaxutshwa namanzi okunisela ukuze kusetshenziswe indawo.
• I-Granulated: Izinhlayiya ezinosayizi omaphakathi, ziwusizo ikakhulukazi emalini ekhishwa kancane ezitshalweni zomjikelezo omude.
• I-Pellet: Umanyolo ocindezelwe kumasilinda amancane noma ama-granules, ulungele ukusetshenziswa okulula, okuhlanzekile, nokuthatha isikhathi eside.
• Izichibiyelo ze-Organic: Umquba, ukubunjwa kwezikelemu, bokashi, neminye imikhiqizo ezinzile ingasakazwa, ixutshwe, noma igqitshwe njengoba kudingeka.

Umanyolo we-organic owuketshezi

Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwasabalala ngenxa yokusebenziseka kwayo kalula nokumuncwa ngokushesha:

• Uketshezi lugxila: Kudingeka zihlanjululwe kusengaphambili futhi zivumele imithamo ilungiswe ngokwezidingo zesitshalo.
• Ilungele ukusetshenziswa: Izixazululo zokuhlushwa eziphansi zezicelo eziqondile, ikakhulukazi ezimbizeni noma ezitshalweni ezincane.
• I-Fertigation: Isicelo kanye namanzi okunisela, ukuzuza okufanayo nokusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo.
• I-Foliar: Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokukhethekile ukuze imuncwe amaqabunga, inikeze isinyathelo esisheshayo sokushiyeka okuthile.
• Itiye lomquba kanye netiye lezikelemu: Ukufakwa okuwuketshezi okubangelwa ukuxutshwa komquba noma ukukhishwa kwezikelemu, okucebile ngamagciwane kanye nemisoco etholakala nge-bioavailable. Ilungele ukuqinisa izitshalo nokubuyisela impilo ye-microbial emhlabathini.

Umanyolo ngokwezinga lokukhululwa kwezakhi

Ukukhethwa kukamanyolo kuncike futhi isilinganiso noma isivinini sokutholakala komsoco:

• Ukukhishwa okuhamba kancane: Izinto eziqinile ezinkulu nezinsalela okunzima ukuzehlisa. Bahlinzeka ngemisoco ngokuqhubekayo isikhathi eside, bekhuthaza ukubuyiselwa kwenhlabathi enciphile noma engavundile.
• Ukwenza ngokushesha: Umanyolo owuketshezi, izimpushana ezincibilikayo, nokugxilisa lokho kulungisa ukusilela cishe ngokushesha. Zilungele izimo eziphuthumayo zokudla okunomsoco noma ukuqinisa izigaba zokukhula ezibucayi (ukuhluma, ukuqhakaza, ukuthela, njll.).

Ithebula lokuqhathanisa lezakhamzimba kumanyolo ahlukahlukene wezinto eziphilayo

Leli thebula libonisa umehluko ekubunjweni kukamanyolo kanye nesidingo sokulungisa amanani ngokuya ngohlobo lwesitshalo, inhlabathi, kanye nenhloso yokuvundisa. Ukwandisa ulwazi lwakho mayelana izinhlobo zomanyolo one-nitrogen.

Ukungalungi okungaba khona kanye nokucatshangelwa kokusetshenziswa

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zabo ezingenakubalwa, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukulinganiselwa okuthile komanyolo we-organic:

• Ukuhlukahluka kokuqukethwe kwezakhi: Amanani angase aguquguquke kuye ngomsuka, ukuphathwa nokwakheka kwemfucuza.
• Ukukhululwa okuhamba kancane nokungalindelekile enhlabathini enempilo encane ye-microbial: Emhlabathini owonakele, kunconywa ukujova ama-microorganisms noma ukusebenzisa ama-compost teas. Ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe ku- konke mayelana nomanyolo.
• Ingozi yezempilo: Ukusetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele komquba omusha kungadlulisela izifo. Imfucuza kufanele ihlale ifakwe umquba futhi iguge ngaphambi kokufaka.
• Ukugxila okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nomanyolo wamakhemikhali: Ukuze kuzuzwe inani elifanayo lemisoco, umthamo omkhulu womanyolo ungadingeka.

Indlela yokwenza umanyolo owenziwe ekhaya: izinyathelo nezincomo

Ukwenza umquba wasekhaya kuwumkhuba olula futhi ozinzile okuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ikhishi, ingadi, nokuthena imfucuza. Izinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokwenza umquba yilezi:

1. Qoqa izinto ezifanele: Sebenzisa imfucumfucu yezitshalo njengamakhasi ezithelo nemifino, amaqabunga omisiwe, utshani, amakhadibhodi, futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, imfucuza yezilwane (gwema inyama, inhlanzi, nemikhiqizo yobisi ngenxa yephunga nezingozi zempilo). Ukuze ufunde kabanzi, vakashela uhlu lwama-organic fertilizer.
2. Khetha indawo: Umquba ozinikezele, inqwaba yenhlabathi, noma umquba we-flowerbed konke okukhethwa kukho okusebenzayo, inqobo nje uma kunikeza umoya owanele ukuvimbela i-anaerobiosis.
3. Guqula izendlalelo: Beka izingqimba zento eyomile (ikhadibhodi, amagatsha omile) nezingqimba ezimanzi (izinsalela ezintsha), zimboze ngenhlabathi phakathi kokuhlanganisa ngakunye.
4. Faka umoya njalo: Vula inqwaba nge-rake noma okufanayo kanye ngesonto ukuze ukhuthaze umoya-mpilo futhi uvimbele iphunga elibi noma ukucinana.
5. Lawula ukuswakama: Ingxube kufanele igcine izinga lomswakama elifana nelesipontshi esiphundukile. Uma yome kakhulu, engeza amanzi. Uma imanzi kakhulu, engeza okunye okomile.
6. Ukuvuthwa: Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-3 kuya kweziyisi-6, umquba uzobe usulungile lapho uthola umbala omnyama, ukuthungwa komhlaba, kanye nephunga elimnandi lomhlabathi ovundile.

Ukucaciswa kwe Earthworm humus kudinga ukufaka izikelemu ezibomvu zaseCalifornia embhedeni womquba ukusheshisa inqubo futhi inothise umkhiqizo wokugcina. Ungathola okwengeziwe ku rowan.

Zingabuye zilungiswe ama-slurry nama-extracts abilisiwe (isibonelo, i-nettle noma i-comfrey) nge-maceration kanye ne-anaerobic fermentation, eyake yahlungwa iwusizo njengomanyolo we-foliar noma ukuvundisa.

Isicelo esiwusizo nezincomo ngokuya ngohlobo lwesitshalo

Ukukhetha umanyolo we-organic ofaneleka kakhulu kuya ngezidingo zesitshalo, izici zenhlabathi kanye nesikhathi sonyaka:

• Emhlabathini ompofu kakhulu, sebenzisa umquba ovuthiwe noma umanyolo obole kahle ngemithamo ephezulu, okungcono ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela noma ukutshala.
• Ezitshalweni ezidinga kakhulu (imifino, izihlahla zezithelo, imihlobiso edingeka kakhulu), hlanganisa umanyolo oyisisekelo oqinile nama-foliar noma umanyolo owuketshezi ngezikhathi ezibalulekile.
• Ezingadini nasetshanini, faka umquba ongaphezulu noma izikelemu ukuze uthuthukise ukwakheka kanye nokugqugquzela ukuphila kwamagciwane.
• Emabhodweni nasezitshalweni zasendlini, sebenzisa umanyolo owuketshezi osekulungele ukusetshenziswa noma itiye lomquba elihlanjululwe njalo emavikini angu-2-4.
• Ngokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo noma izinhlelo ze-agroecological, sebenzisa umquba oluhlaza kanye nokwengezwa kwezinsalela zezitshalo ukuze ugcine umjikelezo wezinto eziphilayo.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nomanyolo we-organic

• Ngingakwazi yini ukuhlanganisa umanyolo ohlukile wemvelo? Yebo, inqobo nje uma esevuthwe kahle futhi ehambisana nezidingo zezitshalo. Ukuxuba kungathuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi kanye nama-microorganisms.
• Ungakanani umanyolo ophilayo okufanele ngiwufake? Kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lukamanyolo, isitshalo, nomhlabathi. Njengesiqondiso esijwayelekile, sincoma phakathi kuka-1 kanye no-5 kg/m² womquba noma umquba osuvuthiwe, ukulungisa ngokuvumelana nokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi.
• Ingabe umanyolo we-organic uthatha indawo kamanyolo wamakhemikhali ngokuphelele? Kungenzeka, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni eziphilayo, nakuba emhlabathini ompofu kakhulu zingasetshenziswa zihlangene ngesikhathi soguquko.
• Ingabe banedethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi? Umquba ogcinwe kahle kanye ne-humus zigcina izakhiwo zazo izinyanga, nakuba zisetshenziswa kangcono ngesikhathi sokukhula okusebenzayo.

Umanyolo wezinto eziphilayo ungamadlelandawonye abaluleke kakhulu kubalimi, abalimi, nanoma ubani ofuna enye indlela yemvelo nesebenzayo yokufaka umanyolo wokwenziwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo okunesibopho nokufanelekile kusiza ukugcina impilo yomhlabathi, ukukhiqiza izitshalo ezinempilo nezisimeme, futhi kubambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekubuyiselweni kwemvelo nasekuqiniseni isimo sezulu sezindawo zethu ezikhiqizayo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Umanyolo we-Petunia nokudla kwezitshalo: umhlahlandlela ophelele wezimbali ezinhle