Uma uthanda ukwatapheya (noma ama-palta, njengoba ubizwa kanjalo engxenyeni enkulu yeLatin America), ukuqonda ukuthi yini ehlukanisa izinhlobo ze-Hass ne-Fuerte kuzokongela isikhathi lapho uthenga futhi kukugqugquzela ekhishini. ESpain, i- I-Tropical Coast yaseGranada kanye ne-Axarquía yaseMálaga Bagxila ekukhiqizeni, futhi ukusuka lapho kuya epuletini, ukukhetha kahle ingxenye yempi enqotshiwe.
Zombili ngokomlando ziyizinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu emakethe yethu, kodwa aziphathi ngendlela efanayo esihlahleni noma esiqandisini. Sijula phakathi kwabo umehluko ekunambithekeni, ubukhulu, ukulondolozwa kanye nokutshala, futhi siphinde sadweba imephu ewusizo yezinhlobonhlobo nezinqubo zokuphatha ezifakazelwe e-Spain, e-Canary Islands nase-Chile.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kukakotapheya we-Hass no-Fuerte: ukubukeka nosayizi
La inzondo Inesikhumba esimahhadlahhadla, esiqinile, esiphakathi nendawo ukuya kogqinsi esijika sisuka ekubeni luhlaza ngokumnyama siye kobomvana obucishe bube mnyama lapho sivuthwa; ukuma kwayo ku-oval noma i-ovoid. Ngokuphambene, i Ngamandla Ifana nepheya, enentamo encane, isikhumba esibushelelezi nesincane sombala oluhlaza okhanyayo ongashintshi ithoni lapho uvuthwa, ngakho-ke ukuthinta kuyisihluthulelo sokwazi ukuthi sekulungile.
Mayelana nesisindo, ulwazi luyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi umthombo nemvelaphi. Ku-Hass, kucashunwe ububanzi obusuka ku- I-125-200 g ekuvuthweni kuya ezibalweni ezibanzi ze I-140-400 g futhi ngisho I-170-350 gEqinile ivamise ukuhamba phakathi 250 g isilinganiso kanye namanani angakhuphukela kuwo I-300-400 g kuye ngendawo kanye nomkhankaso.
Ngokuphathelene nesivuno sembewu ne-pulp, ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kwe 70% ku-Hass futhi of Kufikela ku-75% isephulelo e-FuerteNakuba e-Fuerte ubukhulu bembewu buvame ukuba bukhulu. Lezi zibalo kufanele ziqondwe njengobubanzi bezinkomba ezincike kusayizi nokuphathwa kwangemva kokuvuna.
I-flavour kanye nokuthungwa: ukhilimu onamantongomane
I-Hass inikeza a I-creamy kakhulu, i-fiber-free, i-pulp eluhlaza ngokuphuziNgokunambitheka okujulile okukhumbuza amantongomane (ama-walnuts, ama-hazelnuts), ilungele i-guacamole, amasoso, nethosti, futhi isebenza ngokumangalisayo kumasemishi namasaladi lapho kufunwa ukuthungwa okusakazekayo.
I-La Fuerte iphinde ibe nokhilimu futhi ibhotela, inephrofayili ecolekile futhi eqabulayo olwangeni. ukunambitheka okuthambile okunamacebo amantongomane Lokhu kuyenza ifanelekele amasaladi, amasobho alula, kanye nokudla ngesipuni ngokuthinta usawoti kanye nolamula. Ayishintshi umbala njengoba ivuthwa, ngakho-ke ukuhlola ukuthi ithela kancane ekucindezelweni kuyinkomba engcono kakhulu yokuvuthwa kwayo okuphezulu.
Amafutha, amanzi kanye nenani lokudla okunempilo
Izibalo zokuqukethwe kwamafutha namanzi zincike emsuka, usuku lokuvuna, nokuhlaziya, kodwa kukhona amathrendi acacile. Ama-avocados ane-fat content phakathi 18-22% futhi ngisho 18-23%kuyilapho omunye umthombo weSpain ubeka amafutha ayo "amahle" phakathi 8-12% ngamanzi avela 60-70%E-Fuerte, kunezinkomba zokuthi 12-15% amafutha esikhumbeni esibushelelezi, kodwa futhi nezigaba eziphakeme 18-23% futhi, emithonjeni ethile, izibalo ze 23-27%Umqondo osebenzayo wukuthi kokubili kuhlinzeka ngamafutha anempilo futhi ukuhluka kungokoqobo ngenxa yesimo sezulu, iphethini kanye nesigaba sokuvuthwa.
Izinhlobo ezinesikhumba esiqinile njenge-Hass, Reed, noma uGwen ziphawuleka ngazo ukuminyana okuphezulu kwamafutha anempilo nama-polyphenolsUcwaningo luveze amazinga e-polyphenol ezindawo kulezi zinhlobo afika ku-87 mg/100 g, namavithamini E, K, kanye ne-folate emazingeni aqhathaniswayo phakathi kwezinhlobo. Ngezinjongo zokudla, womabili ukwatapheya we-Hass no-Fuerte ulingana phakathi kwemihlahlandlela ye-cardioprotective uma udliwe ngokusesilinganisweni.
Vuna ikhalenda nokutholakala
E-Spain, iwindi elihle kakhulu le- inzondo Ivamise ukuqala ngoMasingana kuya kuMbasa, nakuba ukutholakala kwayo kufinyelela cishe unyaka wonke ngenxa yokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nekhono layo lokuhlala esihlahleni ngemva kokufinyelela ekuvuthweni komzimba, okwenza kube lula ukuvuna okuyaluza kanye nokunikezwa njalo.
La Ngamandla Kule nhlonhlo, ukuvuna kugxilwa ekupheleni konyaka, kubhekiselwa ku-November no-December, nakuba amanye amatafula ebonisa ukuthi kuzoqala ngaphambi kwesikhathi. September-November kuye ngendawo. Lo mehluko wezinsuku phakathi kwemithombo ubonisa ukuhlukahluka kwe-microclimate kanye nezinqubo zezolimo phakathi kwezindawo ezifana neMalaga, Granada kanye ne-Canary Islands.
Uma sibheka eChile, ikhalenda liyashintsha: i-Hass ibilokhu imakethwa kabanzi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Septhemba kuya kuNdasa kanti Onamandla kucashunwe kuyo Agasti kuya ku-OkthobaEzimakethe zomhlaba, "i-avocado ye-Hass" itholakala cishe unyaka wonke, ihlanganisa imvelaphi evela enyakatho ne-southern hemispheres.
Ukulondolozwa, emva kokuvuna kanye nokuthutha
I-Hass igqamile ngakho ukumelana nokuthutha kanye nempilo ewusizoPhakathi kwamaviki ama-2 no-6 ku-5-8°C ngaphansi kwezimo zamaketanga abandayo. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Fuerte, ezinesikhumba esincanyana, zinikeza amaviki angu-2 kuya kwangu-4 ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, zisebenza kahle ekugcinweni nasekuthuthweni kwasolwandle uma ziphathwa ngokucophelela.
Bobabili bayaphendula i-ethylene protocol ukulinganisa ukuvuthwa (eChile, ukusebenza kwayo okuhle ekufakweni kwangaphambilini nge-ethylene kushiwo ngokucacile, ikakhulukazi ku-Hass, Gwen, Reed, nabanye). Njengekhambi lasekhaya, Hass "amasignali" ngombala; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iFuerte idinga ukuthembela ekuthinteni ngoba igcina isikhumba esiluhlaza ngisho isivuthiwe.
Lokhu kuthembeka kokusebenza kuchaza ukuthi kungani i-Hass ibusa uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamasheya adlulayo I-95% yemaketheNgenkathi i-Fuerte, naphezu kokuba nodumo olukhulu lwe-organoleptic, isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimakethe zasekhaya noma zendawo.
Ukutshala nokuqhakaza: izinhlobo A no-B, impova kanye nesivuno
Ukotapheya uyaphrez i-protogynous dichogamyImbali ayisebenzi kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane. Izinhlobo zohlobo A (Hass, Reed, Pinkerton) zivula insikazi ekuseni ngosuku lokuqala futhi ziphinde zivule owesilisa ntambama ngosuku lwesibili; uhlobo B (i-Fuerte, i-Bacon, i-Zutano) ilandela iphethini ehlanekezelwe.
Ngakho-ke, emapulazini okuhweba kunconywa ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo A no-B ngaphakathi 4:1 isilinganisoIzinhlobonhlobo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa cishe u-80%, kanti i-pollinator yenza ama-20% asele. Ukuba khona kwezinyosi nezinyosi kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale impova ngokuphumelelayo, futhi ngokocwaningo olwenziwa e-Valencian Community, lo mklamo oxubile ungandisa isivuno cishe [ngamaphesenti athile]. 22% ngokumelene ne-monocultures.
Izindawo ezikhulayo eSpain kanye nendima yeCanary Islands
ISpain ukuphela komkhiqizi kakotapheya obalulekile e-Europe, ngokungaphezu kwalokho Amahektha angama-22.000 kanye nokugxila okuyinhloko eGranada naseMálaga. Umphakathi WaseValencian kanye Neziqhingi ZaseCanary zithola isisekelo ngokukhethwa okushintshile kanye nokubheja okusha kwezinhlobonhlobo.
Abakhiqizi abafana no-Eduardo, umlimi waseValencia onesipiliyoni, bagcizelela ukuthi U-Hass uhlala “eyindlovukazi” ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo kanye nesikhumba sayo esimelana nokuthuthwa, nakuba izinketho zisahlolwa ukuze kunwetshwe isizini, kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nomoya nokubanda, futhi kuhlukanise izingozi.
Izinhlanga zeBotanical: Mexican, Guatemalan, and Antillean
Ngokombono we-botanical, izinhlanga ezintathu eziyinhloko zihlukaniswa. i-mexican Imelana nokubanda kangcono (okungaba ngu-4°C kuya ku-6°C), inamaqabunga anephunga le-aniseed uma ihlikihlwa, nezithelo ezincane ezinesikhumba esincane. Kube ukhiye ekukhiqizeni ama-hybrids anokubekezelela isithwathwa okukhulu.
La eGuatemala Inikeza isithelo esinesikhumba esishubile, esimangelengele, esihle kakhulu ekuthuthweni, futhi esinenyama enokhilimu kakhulu. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Hass ziphuma ikakhulukazi kulo mjaho ngezethulo zase-Mexico, ezichaza ibhalansi yawo phakathi kwekhwalithi kanye nempahla yangemva kokuvuna.
La I-Antillean Ivumelana nezimo zezulu ezishisayo, ikhiqiza izithelo ezinkulu ezinesikhumba esibushelelezi, kodwa inokubekezelela okuphansi emakhazeni. Le nhlanganisela ithakazelisa ikakhulukazi e-Canary Islands, lapho inhlabathi yentaba-mlilo kanye nomswakama kuvumela ukukhetha okuyingqayizivele kwendawo.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ngale kwe-Hass ne-Fuerte
E-Spain, kunohlu lwezinketho ezisiza ukumboza cishe lonke ikhalenda: IWundlu Hass (kamuva, ngoMeyi-Julayi, izithelo ezinkulu ezingama-30%, ukumelana nomoya nokushisa), UMaluma Hass (ukukhiqizwa kwasekuqaleni, izithelo zokuqala cishe ngonyaka wesithathu), UCarmen Hass (inguquko evunwa kabili ngonyaka kanye nokushintshaniswa okuncane), Uhlanga (isikhumba esibushelelezi, isivuno sasentwasahlobo-ehlobo), Pinkerton (i-semi-rough, fat high, ubusika), ubhekeni y UZutano (isikhumba esibushelelezi, sibekezelela ukubanda futhi sisebenza kahle ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi).
E-Canary Islands, i-Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) "Avocado from the Canary Islands" (2025) ithola amandla, iqaphela izinketho ezimbalwa, kuhlanganise 'Orotava' (20-22% uwoyela, uhlamvu lwamaminerali, ukubekezelela okuphezulu kwenhlabathi ene-volcanic acidic pH 4,5-6) + 'Carmen Hass' (isivuno esiphindwe kabili, esivele sinesabelo esiphezulu ngaphakathi kwe-PGI). Kumlimi, lezi zinketho zivumela ukusimamisa ukukhiqiza nokusebenzisa ama-niches ekhwalithi.
| Izinhlobonhlobo | Isikhumba | Amafutha | Ukuvuna | Flor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| inzondo | I-Rugosa | 18-22% | Nov-Mar | A |
| Ngamandla | Lisa | 12-15% | Sep-Nov | B |
| ubhekeni | Lisa | 16-18% | Oct-Dec | B |
| Uhlanga | Lisa | 20-22% | Apr-Jul | A |
| Pinkerton | I-Semi-rough | 18-20% | Disemba-Feb | A |
Izinhlobo zikakotapheya e-Chile: ikhalenda kanye nokuphatha ngemva kokuvuna
I-Chile iwuphawu lokuma kwekhwalithi nokwehlukahlukana kukakotapheya, enohlelo olucwengisiswe kakhulu lokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe. inzondo Ivelele futhi ibonakala ngokuba mnyama kwesikhumba ekuvuthweni; ikhombisa impilo ye-cellar enhle kakhulu nokusebenza okumangalisayo ngaphakathi Ukuthuthwa kolwandle futhi ezinqubweni nge-ethylene.
La Ngamandla I-Chilean ichazwa njengenesikhumba esiluhlaza futhi esibushelelezi, imbewu enosayizi omaphakathi, kulula ukuyicwecwa, kanye ne-flavour enhle, enesizini. kusukela ngo-August kuya ku-OkthobaIgcina isikhumba sayo esiluhlaza njengoba ikhula futhi yenza kahle endaweni ebandayo egcinwe emikhunjini.
ubhekeni: isikhumba esiluhlaza esincane, ukunambitheka okuncane, usayizi ophakathi (6-12 oz), kutholakala phakathi kwekwindla ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi; igcina umbala oluhlaza, ingcindezi izwela futhi ihamba kahle. Esther: isikhumba esiyindilinga, esikhulu, esiluhlaza, esihle phakathi kuka-April noJuni.
GwenIfana ne-Hass kodwa ikhudlwana, enesikhumba esiluhlaza, esiluhlaza, esivumelana nezimo, ukuziphatha okuhle kakhulu kwezikebhe kanye nokusabela ku-ethylene; ifasitela le September kuya kuDecember. Mexican: okunsomi okumnyama, amalentiseli amhlophe, imbewu enkulu kakhulu kanye ne-pulp enezintambo.
Isiphambano Esimnyama: isikhumba esimnyama, esibushelelezi, side futhi esiqondile; itholakala phakathi kukaJulayi noSepthemba. Pinkerton: side, imbewu encane, ihle kakhulu ukuxebuka, isitoreji esihle, intwasahlobo-entwasahlobo.
Uhlanga: nxazonke, isikhumba esiluhlaza esiminyene esine-granularity encane, i-pulp yebhotela, igcina kahle futhi isabela ku-ethylene; ihlobo kuya ekuqaleni kwekwindla. UZutano: isikhumba esicwebezelayo esiphuzi-luhlaza, ukunambitheka okuncane, isikhathi sokuphila esilinganiselwe, sisabela ku-ethylene ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwenkathi; ekwindla kuya ekuqaleni kobusika.
I-Edranol: isikhumba esimaqhuqhuva esifana nebhamuza, umgodi ophakathi, i-oxidation ephansi ye-pulp lapho ivulekele emoyeni, ihlala iluhlaza lapho ivuthiwe futhi isabela ku-ethylene; etholakala kusukela September kuya kuDecemberLe mosaic yaseChile igqamisa ukuthi ukuphatha ngemva kokuvuna (iketango elibandayo kanye nokuvuthwa okulawulwayo) kuzikhulisa kanjani izimakethe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi.
Ukusimama: amanzi, izimpande kanye nokuchelela ngendlela efanele
Inselele enkulu ngamanzi: umkhondo wamanzi wezitshalo uhluka phakathi 1.100 kanye 2.000 L/kgUkunciphisa lokhu, izinhlobo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezivumelana nengcindezi zithola amaphuzu, kukhulunywe ngokukhethekile ngazo Ubhekeni noZutano ngenxa yokusebenzisa kahle amanzi nokubekezelela amakhaza, isici esitholakala ngofuzo eMexico.
Khetha kahle isiphunzi Kwenza umehluko. Izimpande zaseMexico ezifana ne-'Mexicola' zisiza ngosawoti; 'I-Duke 7' inikeza ukumelana ne-Phytophthora cinnamomi. Lokhu kubhanqa kunganciphisa izidingo zokuchelela ngokuzungezile 20% ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umkhiqizo, njalo ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe-agronomic yomhlaba wonke.
Ukunisela okulinganiselwe okulawulwayo, okuhlolwe eMalaga naseValencian Community, kuvumela ukuncishiswa okuseduze 35% ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Kuhlanganiswe nesembozo sezitshalo nezinzwa zomswakama, isitshalo simelana kangcono neziqephu zokushisa nesomiso.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nekusasa lemephu ehlukahlukene
Ukwanda kwamagagasi okushisa ngaphezulu I-40 ºC Lokhu sekuvele kubonakale emasimini aseMedithera. Izinhlobonhlobo ezifana ne-Lamb Hass zibonisa ukubekezelela ukushisa okungcono ngenxa yesikhumba esijiyile, kuyilapho izinketho ezivuthwa kusenesikhathi njenge-Bacon zigwema ukushisa okushisa ehlobo.
Ukubhejwa kwe ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo Kuyisu: ukuhlanganisa isikhathi sokuqhakaza nesokuvuna kusabalalisa ubungozi besimo sezulu kanye nezimakethe. Uma sibheka phambili ku-2050, amamodeli akhomba ukushintshwa kwezindawo ezifanele enyakatho (Galicia, Asturias) ukuze uthole izinto ezinofuzo zaseMexico ezimelana kakhulu nokubanda, ngesikhathi esifanayo. ukuthuthukisa ama-hybrids ijwayelane kangcono nokushisa ukuze kugcinwe ukukhiqizwa ezindaweni zendabuko eziseningizimu.
Imibuzo ebuzwa njalo
Yiziphi izinhlobo okufanele ngizitshale engadini yangasese eSpain?
Ogwini lwaseMedithera, i- inzondo Ukubheja okuphephile kwekhwalithi nokuvumelana nezimo. Kodwa-ke, qiniseka ukuthi i-pollinator yohlobo B (Oqinile noma i-Bacon) iseduze ukuze uthuthukise isethi yezithelo. Ezindaweni ezibandayo ezimaphakathi nezwe, kuyancomeka ukuthi ukhethe I-Bacon noma i-Zutano ngenxa yokumelana kwayo kakhulu nesithwathwa.
Ingabe ukulima ngokwemvelo kuyasebenza?
Yebo. Ukotapheya usabela kahle ezenzweni zokulima ngokwemvelo. Abakhiqizi basezindaweni babika ingcindezi ephansi yezinambuzane inzondo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinhlobo ze-Fuerte ne-Canary Island lapho usebenza nomhlabathi ophilayo, ukuchelela okulungisiwe kanye ne-biodiversity esebenzayo (ama-pollinators).
Iluphi uhlobo olunikeza imisoco eyengeziwe?
Labo abanesikhumba esiqinile (Hass, Reed, Gwen) bavame ukugxila kakhulu amafutha monounsaturated kanye polyphenolsKufika ku-87 mg/100 g wama-polyphenols acashunwe kule migqa; kumavithamini E, K kanye nama-folates awukho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo.
Isihlahla sikakotapheya esixhunyelelwe siqala nini ukuthela izithelo?
Ukukhiqizwa kuqala phakathi Iminyaka ye-3 ne-5 Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka eyi-10 nengama-20. I-Maluma Hass igqamile ngokushesha kwayo, ngesivuno esibonakalayo ekuqaleni konyaka wesithathu.
Ingabe izinhlobo “ezingaziwa kancane” zinenzuzo?
Kuya endleleni yebhizinisi. Kukhona ama-niches lapho Pinkerton noma Reed Bafinyelela izintengo ezifika ku-20% phezulu ngezikhathi zokunikezwa okuphansi. Okubalulekile wukuhlela okuhle, ukuvotela okunecebo, nokuba neziteshi zokuthengisa eziqondile.
Ukukhetha phakathi kuka-Hass noFuerte kulula: okokuqala kukhanya ngoba ukhilimu, impilo yangemva kokuvuna kanye nokutholakala okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayoOwesibili uheha ubusha nobuhle bawo olwangeni. Izinhlobonhlobo ezifanele, uhlelo lokuvuna, nokuphathwa kokunisela kuncike endaweni yangakini nokuthi ubeka phambili yini ezokuthutha, ukunambitheka, noma ukusimama, kodwa namuhla sinezinketho eziningi (iWundlu Hass, uBacon, Reed, Pinkerton, Carmen, Orotava, phakathi kokunye) okukuvumela ukuba ulungise isinqumo ngasinye ngokuvumelana nesimo sezulu, imakethe, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukunambitheka kwakho.