Ungatshala Kanjani Irayisi Engadini Yakho Yasekhaya: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Nosebenzayo

Ilayisi lingenye yezitshalo ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezidliwayo emhlabeni jikelele., inkanyezi engaphikiswa yezindlela zokupheka ezingenakubalwa kanye nengxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zabantu. Akukhona nje kuphela ukudla okuyisisekelo kwengxenye enkulu yabantu, kodwa futhi Ukuyikhulisa ekhaya kungaba okuhlangenwe nakho okucebisayo njengoba kunomvuzo., ilungele labo abajabulela ukuthatha ingadi yabo yasekhaya baye ezingeni elilandelayo futhi bahlole izitshalo ezintsha.

Nakuba sihlobanisa irayisi nezindawo zase-Asia kanye namasimu agcwele izikhukhula, Iqiniso liwukuthi kungenzeka ukutshala irayisi engadini yasekhaya, ngisho nasezitsheni ezinkulu., inqobo nje uma siziqonda kahle izidingo zesitshalo futhi sivumelanisa amasu okulima nezimo zendawo yethu. Kulo mhlahlandlela uzothola lonke ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe isivuno esiyimpumelelo, kusukela ezinhlobonhlobo nesimo sezulu kuya kumasu okutshala, ukunakekelwa, ukulawula izinambuzane nokuvuna.

Kungani utshala irayisi ekhaya?

Ukulima irayisi ekhaya akuyona nje inselele ejabulisayo kubathandi bezingadi., kodwa futhi kuyindlela yokwehlukanisa ingadi yethu, ukufunda ngemijikelezo emisha yezinto eziphilayo nokusondeza abasha nabadala ezweni elithakazelisayo lokusanhlamvu. Uma unendawo eyanele futhi uzimisele ukuzama, irayisi lingaba igugu lengadi yakho noma insimu yasemadolobheni.

Ilayisi alizweli ngokwedlulele uma kuhlinzekwe ngendawo efanele; Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo ekuphekeni, ukubuka umjikelezo wokuphila kwayo kuyafundisa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, futhi kuzivumela ukuba ziqonde umzamo nokuzinikela ngemuva kokusanhlamvu ngakunye.

Ngokuvamile kuphi irayisi?

Ngenkathi emcabangweni ohlangene irayisi ijwayelekile emazweni afana neChina, India noma VietnamESpain kukhona nezindawo ezinesiko elide lokutshala irayisi, njenge-Ebro Delta eCatalonia, i-Albufera eValencia, noma amaxhaphozi aseSeville. Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, njengeMexico, ukukhiqizwa kugqama ezifundeni ezifana neMorelos, iNayarit, neCampeche, futhi emhlabeni jikelele, i-Asia ingumkhiqizi nomthengi omkhulu kakhulu.

Lezi zifunda zinesimo sezulu esifudumele esivamile, inhlabathi evundile kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi amaningi., izimo eziyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukiswa okufanele kwesitshalo selayisi.

Izidingo kanye nezimo ekahle zokutshala irayisi

Ilayisi lidinga uchungechunge lwezidingo eziqondile zemvelo ukuze lihlume futhi likhule ngendlela efanele.. Uma ucabanga ukuyikhulisa ekhaya, kubalulekile ukuthi ucabangele lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• Izinga lokushisa nesimo sezulu: Ilayisi isitshalo sesimo sezulu esifudumele, esichumayo lapho izinga lokushisa lansuku zonke liphakathi kuka-21°C no-37°C. Ayikubekezeleli ukubanda okukhulu (ngaphansi kuka-10°C) noma ukushisa okwedlulele (okungaphezu kuka-40°C) kahle.. Imiphumela emihle kakhulu itholakala ezindaweni lapho ubusuku bungavamile ukwehlela ngaphansi kuka-15°C okungenani izinyanga ezintathu zilandelana.
• Amanzi: Ilayisi isitshalo se-semi-aquatic futhi idinga ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi njalo. Akudingekile ukuba nensimu yerayisi egcwele izikhukhula kanjalo, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi i-substrate ihlale imanzi. Lesi sitshalo sidinga amanzi amaningi esikhathini esiningi somjikelezo waso wokuphila futhi siyakwazisa ukukhukhula okuncane, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala.
• Ukukhanya: Ukuhlakulela kudinga ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi okuqondile usuku lonke ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngamandla.
• Phansi: Ilayisi likhula kahle kakhulu enhlabathini enzima, evundile, enobumba egcina amanzi futhi enezinga le-pH eliphakathi kuka-5,0 no-7,5. Ibekezelela inhlabathi enesihlabathi, enodaka noma ene-asidi kakhulu, kodwa umphumela uzoba ngcono uma umhlabathi unothile futhi ugcina umswakama.

Uma ingadi yakho noma ibhodwe lihlangabezana nalezi zimo, uzobe useduze nokuvuna irayisi lakho lokuzenzela..

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zelayisi zokulima ekhaya

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zelayisi, nakuba ezivame ukukhula ekhaya zivame ukuba izinhlobo okusanhlamvu okude, okuphakathi noma okufushane. Phakathi kwezintandokazi zokukhiqiza nokumelana kwazo kukhona:

• Basmati, Jasmine, Mogra, Carolina Gold, Red and Black: izinhlobo ezinde zokusanhlamvu zaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokunambitheka nokuthungwa kwazo.
• Arborio, Valencia, Calasparra, Baldo, Bomba: okusanhlamvu okufushane noma okuphakathi, kulungele irayisi elinokhilimu nama-paellas.
• Oryza sativa: Iwuhlobo olujwayelekile kukho kokubili okusanhlamvu okude (indica) kanye nokusanhlamvu okufushane (japonica).

Kubalulekile ukukhetha imbewu etholwe kwesinye isitshalo noma uzithenge ezitolo ezikhulayo, ugweme ukusetshenziswa kwerayisi lesitolo esikhulu, elivame ukugaywa futhi lingamili.

Izindlela zokutshala ilayisi: zendabuko nezinye

Ilayisi lingatshalwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, kuye ngendawo, isimo sezulu kanye nemithombo yamanzi etholakalayo. Lezi izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kokubili emapulazini amakhulu nasezingadini zasekhaya.:

• Ukuhlwanyela ngokuqondile emhlabathini omanzi: Kuyindlela elula, lapho imbewu ifakwa khona ngqo emhlabathini olungisiwe.
• Ukuhlwanyela emibhedeni yezimbewu nokutshala kabusha: Imbewu ihluma emathreyini noma emibhedeni yembewu futhi, lapho izithombo sezifinyelele amasentimitha ambalwa, zitshalwa endaweni yazo yokugcina engadini noma ebhodweni.
• Ikhula emabhodweni noma ezitsheni: Ilungele izindawo ezincane noma amasimu. Kunconywa ibhodwe elikhulu, elijulile., okungcono okwenziwe ngezinto ezingangeni manzi, ezilungiselelwe nge-substrate ecebile futhi ekwazi ukugcina amanzi.
• Ukutshala okumanzi (amasimu erayisi agcwele amanzi): Kubandakanya ukugcina indawo ekhulayo igcwele amanzi unomphela. Kuyindlela yendabuko ezifundeni eziningi, kodwa ingashintshwa ukuze ibe yiziqephu ezincane ngosizo lwamathreyi noma amabhakede agcwele amanzi.
• Ukulima okomile: Ifanele izindawo lapho amanzi eyindlala khona. Kudinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe, njengoba izwe lingakhukhuli, kodwa irayisi izothola ukuchelela ngezikhathi ezithile.
• Ukutshalwa kwe-Aerobic (aeroponic): Ilayisi litshalwa emhlabathini ongenamanzi futhi liyaniselwa kuphela uma kunesidingo, lilungele izindawo ezinokuntuleka kwamanzi.
• I-System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Sebenzisa amanzi amancane, izitshalo zasemkhathini ziqhelelene kakhulu, futhi utshale izithombo ezincane ukuze wandise isivuno nokuqina.

Ukukhethwa kwendlela kuncike ezintweni zakho kanye nendawo, kodwa ekhaya, ukukhula emabhodweni noma emibhedeni emincane, enomswakama ngokuvamile kusebenza kangcono..

Ukulungisa inhlabathi noma ibhodwe lokutshala irayisi

Impumelelo yelayisi iqala ngokulungiselela i-substrate efanelekile. Engadini, khetha indawo egcina amanzi kahle futhi uvikelekile emimoyeni enamandla. Uma ukhula engadini, khetha indawo enelanga, futhi uma kungenzeka, indawo ecindezelekile kancane ukukhuthaza ukugcinwa kwamanzi.

Emabhodweni, khetha isitsha esikhulu futhi esijulile ngangokunokwenzeka, engaphelelwa amanzi kalula. Lungiselela ingxube ehlanganisa u-40% wenhlabathi enamaqabunga, u-40% wobumba, no-20% kamanyolo wemvelo noma izikelemu.

Kunconyiwe Monisa i-substrate bese uyiyeka iphumule izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela., ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lihlala limanzi ngesikhathi sokuhluma nokukhula.

Indlela yokutshala irayisi isinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Sikukhombisa eyodwa Umhlahlandlela onemininingwane wokutshala irayisi ekhaya, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetha indawo yengadi noma ukhetha ukukwenza ebhodweni noma esitsheni.

1. Gcoba imbewu amahora angama-24-48 emanzini afudumele. Lokhu kuzokwenza kusebenze ukuhluma.
2. Yenza izimbobo ezincane emhlabathini noma i-substrate bese ubeka imbewu ngo-2-3 amasentimitha ukushona. Mboza kancane.
3. Ukuhlwanyela kuhle entwasahlobo noma ekwindla.
4. Shiya isitsha noma inhlabathi endaweni epholile, emanzi bese uvala imbewu ukuze uzivikele ezinyonini nasezilwaneni ezincane.
5. Lapho amahlumela evela, qiniseka ukuthi uveza isitshalo kuso ilanga eliqondile futhi ugcine i-substrate imanzi njalo.

Khumbula ukuthi irayisi liqinile, kodwa lidinga ukuchelela okungaguquki nokulawula izinambuzane..

Ukunakekela ngesikhathi sokukhula kwerayisi

Ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe izitshalo ezinempilo kanye nesivuno esihle.. Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu okufanele ziqashwe yilezi:

• Amanzi: Gcina i-substrate ihlale imanzi, ugweme ukugcwala kwamanzi ngokweqile ebhodweni ukuvimbela ukhunta.
• Ukukhanya: Ilayisi lidinga ilanga, ngakho qiniseka ukuthi lithola ukukhanya okuningi okuqondile.
• Ukuvundisa: Faka isicelo Earthworm humus noma umanyolo ophilayo ngezikhathi ezithile ukondla izimpande futhi ukhuthaze ukukhula.
• Ukulawulwa kwezilwane: Zivikele ezinyonini nakwezinye izilwane ezingase zidle imbewu noma amahlumela. Ungasebenzisa i-mesh noma izinhlelo zokuzivikela, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni.
• Ukhula: Susa ukhula njalo ukuze uluvimbele ekuqhudelaneni ngezinsiza.
• Ukubhekwa kwezinambuzane nezifo: Ilayisi lingahlaselwa yisikhunta, izinambuzane kanye nezifo ezikhunta. Gcina isitshalo sinomoya futhi ulawule umswakama.

Ubude besikhathi sokutshala: kuthatha izinyanga ezingaki ukuthi irayisi likhule?

Umjikelezo wokukhula kwerayisi ngokuvamile uhlala phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-4 nezi-5.. Izinhlobo eziningi zamaphakathi nesizini zidinga phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-120 neziyi-150 kusukela ekuhlanyelweni kuya ekuvuneni, nakuba kunezinhlobo zakuqala ezingalungela ezinyangeni ezi-3 futhi kamuva izinhlobo ezithatha izinyanga ezingaba ngu-7-8.

Ezindaweni ezipholile, kuvamile ukuhlwanyela ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo futhi kuvunwe ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla.. Umjikelezo ungashintshwa kuye ngesimo sezulu sendawo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ozikhethayo.

Ukunisela kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi

Ilayisi lidinga ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili zokuqala ngemva kokuhlwanyela. Okuhle wukugcina izinga lokuswakama njalo ku-substrate.

Uma ukhula emhlabathini, Gcoba isiqephu sibe ngu-10-15 cm esigabeni sokukhula futhi kunciphisa izinga njengoba kusondela isivuno ukuze kube lula ukomiswa kwezindlebe. Ebhodweni, umgomo awukona ukukhukhula, kodwa ukugcina umswakama oqhubekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi awahlali ngokweqile.

Uhlelo lokunisela olwanele lusiza ukugwema ukucindezeleka kwamanzi futhi luvimbele ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane ezithile.. Ezifundeni ezinemvula evamile, kulula ukugcina izimo ezifanele.

Ukuvundisa kanye nobulongwe

Ilayisi lifuna umsoco, ngakho Kunconywa ukunikeza umanyolo we-organic noma umquba emhlabathini ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela nangesikhathi sokukhula, ikakhulukazi uma isitshalo sihlala izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Ukukhishwa kwezikelemu kuwukukhetha okuhle kwamabhodwe nezingadi ezincane, njengoba zondla izimpande ngokuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukugcwalisa imisoco uma isilimo sidlulela ngale komjikelezo wonyaka. Gwema umanyolo wamakhemikhali amaningi ukuze ugweme ukungcolisa amanzi noma ukulimaza imvelo yemvelo engadini yakho..

Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane, ukhula kanye nezifo

Enye yezinselelo eziyinhloko zokutshalwa kwerayisi ukuvikela lesi sitshalo ezinambuzaneni nasezifweni.. Lokhu kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu uma kungaphathwa ngesikhathi:

• Izinambuzane: Phakathi kwezinsongo ezivame kakhulu yizinambuzane (ezifana nama-borers nama-aphid), isikhunta nezinyoni.
• Ukhula: Kubalulekile ukususa ukhula ngezikhathi ezithile, njengoba luqhudelana ngamanzi nezakhamzimba futhi lungakhuthaza ukukhula kwezinambuzane.
• Izifo: Okuvame kakhulu ukuqhuma, ukubola kwebhaktheriya, i-helminthosporiasis kanye namagciwane abangela ukuba buthakathaka kanye nesivuno esincane. Umswakama owedlulele kanye nokuntuleka kokungenisa umoya kuthanda ukubukeka kwayo.

Zijwayeze ukuqapha njalo, sebenzisa inetha noma izinhlelo zokulawula ngokomzimba, futhi, uma kungenzeka, ukushintshanisa izitshalo ukuze uthuthukise ukumelana nemvelo kwengadi yakho.. Kunemikhiqizo yokulawula izinambuzane eco-friendly engalimazi imvelo noma impilo yabantu.

Ukuvunwa kwelayisi nangemva kokuvuna

Ukuvuna kuyisinyathelo sokugcina esikhulu kule nqubo futhi kufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe inani eliphezulu kanye nekhwalithi yokusanhlamvu. Ukuvuna kwenzeka lapho izikhwebu sezivuthiwe futhi izinhlamvu ziyigolide, ezinomswakama ocishe ube ngu-20-25%.

Lezi izimpawu eziyinhloko ukwazi ukuthi uvuna nini:

• Izikhwebu zombila zishintshile zisuka eluhlaza zaba yigolide futhi u-80-85% wezinhlamvu ku-panicle ngayinye zivuthiwe.
• Sekudlule izinsuku eziyi-110 kuya kweziyi-150 kusukela kuhlwanyelwe, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo.
• Okuqukethwe kwamanzi okusanhlamvu kuzungeze u-20-25%, okungazwakala lapho ucindezela izinhlamvu phakathi kwamazinyo akho: iqinile kodwa ingabi brittle.

Sika izindlebe ngokucophelela futhi ziyeke zome elangeni endaweni enomoya omuhle kuze kube yilapho izinhlamvu zomile ngokuphelele. Khona-ke, hlukanisa okusanhlamvu namakhoba usebenzisa inqubo elula yokwenza amagobolondo. Gcina irayisi ezitsheni ezingangeni moya endaweni epholile, eyomile ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi lihlala lisesimweni esihle isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka.