I-caatinga Kuyi-biome etholakala e-Brazil kuphela, eyenza enye yezinto eziphilayo ezihluke kakhulu futhi ezikwazi ukumelana nezimo emhlabeni. Ukunwetshwa kwayo, eduze ne I-10% yendawo yonke yaseBrazil, ihlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele aphakathi kuka-700.000 nesigidi futhi isabalale kakhulu enyakatho-ntshonalanga, ihlanganisa izifunda ezifana ne-Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe, kanye nengxenye yeMinas Gerais. Ukunotha kwe-caatinga kudlulela ngalé kwesimo sezulu esibi, iba ilabhorethri ephilayo yokujwayela kwezinto eziphilayo, amasiko amasiko, nezinselele zemvelo ezihlukile.
Iyini i-caatinga futhi kungani ihlukile?
Leli gama ikatinga Livela olimini lwesiTupi-Guarani futhi lisho "ihlathi elimhlophe." Leli gama livela eqinisweni lokuthi, phakathi nenkathi eyomile ende, izitshalo eziningi zilahlekelwa amaqabunga, okushiya indawo emhlophe, eyomile. Kodwa-ke, i-caatinga ayilona ugwadule: iwugwadule lwezindawo, kusukela ezindaweni ezinamatshe namasavanna kuya emahlathini omile nezigodi ezinomswakama, okuvumela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezimangazayo, eziningi zazo ezitholakala kuphela, okusho ukuthi kuphela kule ndawo.
Ukuhluka kwendawo kanye nebhayoloji: Le biome ikhona kuphela e-Brazil, ihlala ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-subequatorial enyakatho-mpumalanga futhi izihlukanisa nezinye izifunda zomhlaba ezomile ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo eziziphethe kanye nokuvumelana kwazo okuqondile.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo: I-caatinga ingaphezu kwehlathi elomile. Ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezihlukene ngokusekelwe ezitshalweni zayo: amahlathi omile avulekile noma avaliwe, ama-savanna anotshani, ama-savanna anamadwala lapho izitshalo zikhula phakathi kwemifantu, ngisho nezigodi zamahlathi anomswakama.
Ukuzijwayeza ngokwedlulele: Izitshalo nezilwane ze-caatinga zenze amasu amangalisayo ukuze ziphile ngaphansi kwezimo zesomiso isikhathi eside, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, nenhlabathi empofu noma enamatshe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amaqabunga ameva, amagxolo aminyene, izimpande ezijulile, nokuziphatha okulele noma okufudukayo ezilwaneni.
Izici ezibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwe-caatinga
- Izici ze-Geological: I-caatinga yakhiwa enhlabathini enesimo sezulu esijulile, ishintshana phakathi kwesihlabathi, amatshe kanye nodaka, ingxenye enkulu yayo yazuza njengefa olwandle lwasendulo kanye nokunyakaza kwe-tectonic okwakumise amathafa, ama-flatlands kanye nezindawo zokudonsa amanzi.
- Izici zesimo sezulu: Isici sayo esichaza kakhulu isimo sezulu esomile, esithonya uhlaza nokuziphatha kwezilwane.
- Umlando we-Biogeographic: Lesi sifunda siye sabhekana nemijikelezo eminingi yokufinyela nokunwetshwa ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okungokomlando, izici eziqhubekisele phambili ubungcweti obuguquguqukayo kanye nokutholakala kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Isimo Sezulu e-Caatinga: izici nezinselele
Isimo sezulu se-caatinga siyagqama indawo ewugwadule, enamazinga okushisa aphezulu nemvula ephansi, engajwayelekile. Izici zayo eziyinhloko yilezi:
- Inkathi eyomile ende: Ingathatha izinyanga eziyisi-7 kuye kweziyi-9, ingabi namvula.
- Isikhathi semvula esifushane nesiguquguqukayo: Igxila kakhulu ezinyangeni zokuqala zonyaka, nezimvula ezivame ukuba nezikhukhula nezingajwayelekile.
- Amazinga okushisa aphezulu ahlala njalo: I-thermometer ihlala iphezulu unyaka wonke, futhi ngesikhathi sesomiso esiphezulu, inhlabathi ingafinyelela amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-60°C, ihwamulise ngokushesha umswakama omncane okhona.
- Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu: Imicimbi ka-El Niño ne-La Niña ingashintsha kakhulu ubude nokuqina kwezinkathi zonyaka, kuthinte ukukhiqiza kwezitshalo nokutholakala kwamanzi.
- Imimoya yohwebo: Imimoya evela ku-NE, E kanye ne-SE igcwele kakhulu ngenkathi eyomile, inomthelela ekuphefumuleni kwe-evapotran kanye nokomisa kwemvelo.
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, izakhamuzi ezingabantu nezingezona abantu zenze amasu okumelana nakho kokubili ukushoda kanye nezikhathi zemvula enamandla, eziguqula kafushane indawo empunga ibe ukuqhuma kohlaza nempilo.
I-Caatinga vegetation: isifundo sokuzivumelanisa nezimo
Izimila ze-caatinga ziningi kakhulu xerophilous nogwadule, eyakhiwe izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziye zashintsha ukuze zimelane nokomisa okwedlulele. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezitshalo ezijwayele lezi zindawo esigabeni sethu esinikezelwe kuzo izitshalo zehlathi.
Ukwakheka kwezitshalo eziyinhloko
- Ihlathi elomile: Igcwele emithambekeni esempumalanga yezintaba lapho zithola khona imvula eyengeziwe. Lapha, kunezihlahla zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezivuthulukayo lapho umbhede wazo umboza ngaphezu kuka-60% wenhlabathi ngesikhathi esimanzi.
- Ihlathi elinameva: Izihlahla nezihlahla ze iqabunga elincane, eliqinile, nelinameva, ezinciphisa ukuphefumula futhi zivikele ezilwaneni ezidla uhlaza. Izibonelo: I-Anadenthera macrocarpa y Ziziphus joazeiro.
- I-Cactus nama-succulents: Kubandakanya nezinhlobo ezihlala njalo ezifana I-Pilosocereus gounellei y Izimbali ze-MelocactusLezi zitshalo zigcina amanzi ezicutshini zazo futhi zingaphila izinyanga ngaphandle kwemvula.
- Utshani obuqinile nama-forbs: Amakhambi anezimpande ezijulile afinyelela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, njenge-facheiroa ne-mandacaru.
- I-Bromeliads nezinye eziguquliwe: Izinhlobo ze-epiphytic kanye ne-succulent ezikhula ezindaweni ezinamadwala, zakha ama-microecosystem ahlukile.
Ngenkathi eyomile, izitshalo eziningi zilahlekelwa amaqabunga, ukunciphisa umsebenzi we-metabolic kanye nokulahlekelwa kwamanzi. Ngokufika kwezimvula, le ndawo ebonakala ifile imbozwe luhlaza, amaqabunga amasha ahlume, futhi izitshalo ze-ephemeral ziyaqhakaza ukuze zisebenzise inala.
Phakathi kwezihlahla ezibalulekile emnothweni wendawo kanye nemvelo kukhona umbuzeiro (I-Spondias tuberosa), i-aroeira kanye ne-angico. Ezinye izinhlobo, njengesundu Babacu kanye ne-carnauba, ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukuthola amafutha, ama-wax kanye nezinkuni.
I-Caatinga Fauna: Izilwane Eziyingqayizivele Nezijwayele Kakhulu
Izilwane ze-caatinga zicebile ngendlela emangalisayo, ziningi imiphefumulo nezilwane ezisengozini. Izilwane zabelana ngamasu okusinda ekuntulekeni kokudla namanzi: ukulala, ukufuduka, ukuzala okuvunyelaniswe nemvula, noma ukudla okukhethekile.
AmaMamferfer
- Inyamazane enkulu (tamanduá bandeira): Kudinga isiphephelo phakathi nezinsuku ezishisa kakhulu, ukuphuma uyofuna ukudla ngesikhathi esipholile.
- I-Tatu bola (i-armadillo enamabhande amathathu): Izinhlobo zezilwane eziyizifanekiselo nezisengozini, ezijwayele ukumba nokuhamba okunomkhawulo.
- U-Mico leão unikeza ubuso obusagolide kanye nenkawu evela enyakatho-mpumalanga: I-endemic primate yesifunda.
- Inyamazane enesisu esibomvu, inyamazane ensundu, nebheja elinamakholomu: Phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinobukhona obukhulu kakhulu ezindaweni ezomile kancane.
Aves
- I-Spix's Macaw (I-Cyanopsitta spixii): Enye yezinyoni ezisengcupheni yokushabalala eBrazil.
- I-Lear's Macaw, i-Red-throated Hummingbird, ne-White-winged Woodpecker: Ukuhlukahluka okungapheli nokufudukayo.
- Irekhodi lezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingaphezu kuka-591, okuhlanganisa i-tanager enobuso obubomvu, i-goldfinch yase-Yarrell kanye ne-woodcreeper enamadevu.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo y anfibios
- I-coral snake, i-boa constrictor ne-rattlesnake: Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezikwazi ukuhlala zingasebenzi ngesikhathi sesomiso.
- Unwabu, izibankwa nezimfudu: Ukwehlukahlukana okuxhaphaza izindawo zokuhlala ezincane emadwaleni nasemigedeni.
- Rana I-Phyllodytes luteolus kanye ne-cururu toad: Izilwane ezihlala emanzini ezihlala emanzini ezivumelanisa ukuzala kwazo nezimvula.
Amanye amaqembu
- Izinambuzane nama-arachnids: Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-221 zezinyosi, amabhungane amaningi, izintuthwane, izimvemvane, izicabucabu, nofezela, ezikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu nesomiso.
- Izinhlanzi nezinto eziphila emanzini: Izitsha ezihlala ngezikhathi ezithile zifukamela izinhlanzi ezingaphila isikhathi eside esomile esimweni esiqinile; i-caatinga ivikela cishe izinhlobo ezingama-241 zezinhlanzi.
Umhlabathi, impumuzo kanye ne-hydrography: izisekelo zokuqina kwemvelo
Umhlabathi we-caatinga uwumfanekiso wokuguquguquka kwemvelo kanye nesimo sezulu. Cishe ingxenye yobuso bawo inomsuka ocwebezelayo, obuswa amatshe aqinile, asendulo avimbela ukugcinwa kwamanzi, kuyilapho enye ingxenye ihambisana nenhlabathi ewugwadule enomthamo othile wokugcina amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
- Inhlabathi enesihlabathi, enamatshe futhi enodaka: Le nhlabathi inokuvunda okuguquguqukayo, okwenza ama-mosaic anquma ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo kanye nohlobo lwezolimo olungase lube khona.
- Usizo oluyinkimbinkimbi: I-caatinga ibonakala ngokuba khona kwezintaba, amathafa, nama-depression. Ukuphakama okuphezulu kugcina umswakama owengeziwe futhi kuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamahlathi aminyene.
- Imifula ngezikhathi ezithile: Imifula eminingi igeleza kuphela ngenkathi yezimvula. Okuhlukile okuphawulekayo i-São Francisco kanye ne-Parnaíba Rivers, amanzi ayo angapheli avumela ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo okukhulu nokuthuthuka kwabantu.
- I-Microclimate phenomenon: Izindawo ezinezimila ezihlukene, izindawo ezinamadwala, noma amanzi angase aveze izimo ezithile zemvelo, ezithinta ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nokukhiqiza kwendawo.
Ukubaluleka kwezomnotho namasiko kwe-caatinga
I-caatinga akuyona nje indawo yemvelo, kodwa futhi indawo yomlando, isiko, kanye nokuziphilisa kwezigidi zabantu:
- Umthombo obalulekile wezinsiza: Izitshalo nezilwane zakhona zihlinzeka ngezinkuni, amafutha, ama-wax, izithelo, ifolishi, imikhiqizo yezokwelapha kanye nemfuyo (izimbuzi, izinkomo) ezibalulekile emnothweni wasemaphandleni.
- Ezolimo nemfuyo: Naphezu kobunzima besimo sezulu, kulinywa ukuziphilisa, futhi ezindaweni eziniselwa ngenkasa, kutshalwa izithelo ezinjengamagilebhisi, upopo, ikhabe neminye imikhiqizo ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla nezinkuni: I-caatinga iwumthombo wezinkuni namalahle. Ukuvuna, ngokuvamile okungahleliwe, kuye kwaholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi nasekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okwenza kudingeke amasu okuphatha aqhubekayo.
- Isiko leSiko neFolkloric: INyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil, indawo okwazalelwa kuyo i-caatinga, inomculo omningi ongenakuqhathaniswa, imikhosi, nemisebenzi yezandla, ngamagama anjengokuthi forró, bumba meu boi, nethi capoeira.
- Iqhaza kubunikazi bezwe: Njengokuphela kwe-biome yase-Brazilian kuphela, i-caatinga iwuphawu lokukhuthazela nokuvumelana nezimo kwabantu basenyakatho-mpumalanga.
Izinselelo zamanje zokongiwa kwemvelo nezinsongo
I-caatinga ibhekene nezinselelo ezinzima, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokucindezela komuntu. La ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuyaqhubeka ngenxa yokugawulwa kwezinkuni, ukulima kakhulu, nokudlisa ngokweqile imfuyo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekulahlekeni kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuncipha kwezinhlobo zezilwane, kanye nezinqubo zendawo zokugwaduleka.
Una ingxenye ephansi yendawo yokuqala ivikelekile, okubeka ukusinda kwezinhlobo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo okubalulekile kusayensi namasiko engcupheni. Izinqubo zesomiso kanye nezinqubo zezolimo ezingenele zibhebhethekisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokufakwa kukasawoti emanzini.
- Ukubaluleka kokuphatha okusimeme: Ukuphathwa okudidiyelwe kwe-caatinga, okusekelwe olwazini lwendabuko nesayensi, kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphila komphakathi kanye nokulingana kwemvelo.
- Izibonelo zokusimama: Ukufuywa kwezinyosi, ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela, ukuhlonishwa kwemikhiqizo engewona amapulangwe, kanye ne-eco-tourism kukhuthazwa njengezinhlobo zentuthuko ezingacekeli phansi i-ecosystem.
Isiko le-caatinga liphinde libonakale ngokubaluleka kokongiwa kwabantu boMdabu nemiphakathi yendabuko, ebona le biome njengesisekelo sendlela yabo yokuphila nobubona. Izinqubomgomo zomphakathi, izindawo ezivikelwe, kanye namaphrojekthi ezemfundo zibalulekile ekugcineni i-caatinga iphila, kokubili kwemvelo namasiko.
Ukuhlola i-caatinga kuvula iwindi lokusimama kwempilo ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, lapho ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, isiko, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuhlangana ukuze kwakhe indawo eyingqayizivele neyisakhiwo sodumo yase-Brazil. Ukuvikela ingcebo yayo yemvelo kusho ukuqinisekisa ikusasa lezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nenhlalakahle yezizukulwane ezincike kule ngcebo eyingqayizivele yaseBrazil.
