Umhlahlandlela ophelele we-chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius): ukuhlonza, indawo yokuhlala, izinhlobo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokupheka

I-Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) Ingenye yamakhowe asendle ayizifanekiselo kakhulu, aziswayo futhi afundelwa kuwo womabili i-mycology njengase- ikhishi lamazwe omhlabaNgombala ophuzi ongaqondakali kanye nephunga elimnandi, kulula ukulibona futhi lisakazwa kabanzi emahlathini. ezizothile kusukela enyakatho nenkabazwe nakwezinye izifunda ezinesimo sezulu esipholile kanye nenhlabathi efanelekile.

Ithola amagama amaningi adumile kuye ngendawo nolimi, okugqama phakathi kwazo okulandelayo: zizahori, Rossinyol, i-chanterelle, Saint Elizabeth, Ikhowe lika-St, i-ginserola, inhlanzi yezimbuzi, i-picornell, isikhumba senkomo, i-cabrilla, ukheshi o amakhowe e-beech. Ezinkundleni zomhlaba yaziwa ngokuthi ngobe (IsiNgisi), i-chanterelle (isiFulentshi), i-finferli (isiNtaliyane), Pfifferling (isiJalimane), kantarell (isiSwidi), Kanttarelli (isiFinnish), phakathi kokunye, okubonisa idumela layo kanye nokubaluleka kwe-gastronomy yomhlaba.

Izici eziyinhloko kanye ne-morphology ye-chanterelle (I-Cantharellus cibarius)

• Isigqoko: Inobubanzi obuvame ukuhluka kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-12 cm kuma-specimens abantu abadala, kodwa ingedlula lobu bukhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Ukuma kwayo kusuka ku-flat-convex ebusheni kuya ekumiseni kwefaneli noma ecindezelekile ekuvuthweni. I-cuticle i omile, abushelelezi, ahlukaniseke kanye namathunzi asukela kokuphuzi okuphaphathekile, okuphuzi kweqanda, okusagolide, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile awolintshi noma abe mhlophe, kuye ngokuthi i-substrate. Imajini i-lobed, izacile, futhi ine-sinuous, ivamise ukugoqeka kancane kuma-specimens amancane.
• I-Hymenium (ngaphansi kwekepisi): Qokomisa ukungabi khona kwamashidi, esikhundleni salokho kube ukugoqa okuwugqinsi, okuyimfoloko, nokugoqeka kakhulu (okwehla ngokusobala esiqwini), umbala ofanayo nowekepisi. Lesi sici sibalulekile ekuhlonzweni, ukusihlukanisa nezinhlobo ezinobuthi ezifanayo.
• Uphayi: Iqinile, inkulu, iyunifomu enekepisi, futhi iyisilinda. Ivamise ukuba mfishane, ingabi nandandatho, futhi ibheke phansi. Umbala uyahluka ukusuka kokuphuzi kuya kokuphaphathekile phansi, ubonisa ukuthungwa okubushelelezi futhi okune-fibrous, okuwenza umelane kakhulu nokubola nezilokazane.
• Inyama: Iqinile, ijiyile maphakathi, izacile emaphethelweni. Okumhlophe ngombala, okunemibala ephuzi ngasemaphethelweni. iphunga elimnandi (okukhumbuza ibhilikosi noma ipentshisi), futhi ukunambitheka kwayo ithambile, imnandi futhi imnandiLokhu kuqina kuvumela ukuthutha nokugcinwa kwayo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okuphawulekayo kwekhwalithi.
• Ama-Sporades: Ukhilimu okhanyayo ukuya kokumhlophe ngokuphuzi.
• Izinhlamvu: I-Microscopically ellipsoidal, smooth, non-amyloid, 8–10 x 5–6 µm.
• I-Basidia: Ngokuvamile i-clavate, kufika ku-70-80 x 10 µm, i-tetrasporic noma i-bisporic.
• Iphunga nokunambitha: Isici esiphezulu futhi siyaziswa, ngamanothi amnandi nezithelo ezikhumbuza amabhilikosi omisiwe noma ama-apricot omisiwe, anikeze ukuthinta okungaqondakali ekhishini.

Esinye sezihluthulelo zodumo lwayo lokupheka silele eqinisweni lokuthi ithola izikelemu kuyaqabukela futhi imelana nokugcinwa, ukuthutha kanye nokuhamba kwesikhathi kahle, ngokungafani namanye amakhowe.

Ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwayo okune-fibrous nokuqina okukhulu, amakhowe e-chanterelle ngokuvamile afika esuka ensimini eya ekhishini esesimweni esiphelele, ngaphandle kokuhlaselwa okuphawulekayo okuvela ezibungwini noma ezinambuzaneni, okwenza kube enye yamakhowe asendle afunwa kakhulu ukuze asetshenziswe ekhaya nasemsebenzini.

Izinhlobonhlobo, i-subspecies kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezihlobene

I-Cantharellus cibarius ikhombisa i-polymorphism ephezulu: maningi izinhlobo, subspecies kanye nezinhlobo eziseduze, ezinye zikhuphukele esimweni sezilwane kulandela izifundo zakamuva ze-phylogenetic, kuyilapho ezinye zisaphenywa. Phakathi kwezinto ezaziwa kakhulu yilezi:

• I-Chanterelle cibarius var. i-salmoneus L. Corb.: amathoni e-salmon kanye ne-cuticle elula.
• I-Chanterelle cibarius var. i-bicolor UMaire: isigqoko esimhlophe esigoqekile esiphuzi.
• I-Chanterelle cibarius var. alborufescens I-Malençon: imibala ephaphathekile futhi ebomvu.
• I-Chanterelle cibarius var. ama-flavipes R. Heim: ngonyawo lwethoni ephuzi kakhulu.
• I-Chanterelle cibarius subsp. umbrinus R. Heim: ama-ocher nuances ezindaweni ezimnyama.
• I-Chanterelle cibarius subsp. nanus R. Heim: isakhiwo esincane nesigqoko esincane.
• Ama-pallens kaChanterelle (ngaphambilini okwakuyi-subpruinosus): inkulu kancane futhi ihambisana kakhulu, nge ukuqhakaza okumhlophe kuphawuleka uma usemncane futhi unyawo olunamathoni ansundu lapho usumdala.
• I-Cantharellus friesii: okuncanyana (kufika ku-4 cm), i-cuticle ewolintshi eqinile, nokugoqeka okuphuzi okubomvana. Okungavamile, ikakhulukazi okutholakala ngaphansi kwezihlahla ze-beech ngemva kwehlobo elinemvula.
• Ezinye izinhlobo ezifana I-Chanterelle cibarius var. ama-rufipes, var. i-squamulosus, var. i-amethysteus (namachashazi ansomi esigqokweni), var. ukunganaki (emhlophe ngokuphelele), phakathi kokunye, bonisa ukunotha kobumo nemibala ezingeni lendawo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwamangqamuzana kwakamuva kuqinisekisile ukuthi ku ENyakatho Melika Kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo ngaphambilini ezaziqoqwe ngaphansi kwegama elithi Cantharellus cibarius, njenge C. formosus, C. roseocanus, C. i-cascadensis o C. californicusBonke bagcina ukukhanga okufanayo kwezokupheka kanye nemvelo.

Nota: Ingcebo ye-subspecies kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zendawo kusho ukuthi, ngisho nochwepheshe be-mycologists, imingcele phakathi kwamafomu ayihlali icacile emkhakheni.

Indawo yokuhlala, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nemvelo ye-chanterelle

• Isendlalelo: Ithanda inhlabathi ama-asidi nama-siliceous (pH phakathi kuka-4 no-5,5), ene-drainage enhle kanye ne-humus ejulile. Ingakhula ngezikhathi ezithile enhlabathini ene-calcareous uma ingaphezulu lifakwe i-asidi. Imvelo efana ne-sandstone, i-granite, i-slate, ne-quartzite ikhona elilungile Ngokuthuthuka kwabo.
• Izimila ezihambisanayo (i-mycorrhization): Isungula i-symbiosis nezihlahla ezifana ne-beech, i-oki, i-chestnut, i-holm oak, i-birch, i-hazel, i-holm oak, i-fern, ne-rockrose. Ngokwezinga elincane, ingakhula ngaphansi kwezihlahla zikaphayini, amafir, ama-larches, ne-eucalyptus, kuye ngokuthi isifunda.
• Ukusabalalisa: Ikhona kuyo yonke iNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, ukusuka eCadiz kuya ePyrenees, ngobuningi obuthile ezindaweni ezinezintaba noma emahlathini aminyene. Iphinde isatshalaliswe kabanzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu (iFrance, i-Italy, iJalimane, i-United Kingdom, namazwe aseNordic), e-Asia epholile, naseNyakatho Melika (nezinhlobo ezihlobene).
• I-Fructification: Isikhathi sonyaka siqala ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo siye ekwindla ngasekupheleni, ngisho nezinyanga ezibandayo ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile kanye nezimvula zasekwindla eziphindelelayo. Ivela ngamanani amakhulu ngemva kwezikhathi ze izimvula ezinamandla nezinomswakama, kodwa ngenxa yesistimu yayo yangaphakathi yokufaka amanzi emzimbeni ingakwazi ukumelana nesomiso ngezikhathi ezithile ngemva kokuthela.
• Ukuziphatha: Khulisa ngokuhlanganyela, kuyaqabukela ibonakale yodwa. Ithembekile ezindaweni ezikhiqizayo, ngakho ukuthola indawo enama-chanterelles ngokuvamile kuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwayo eminyakeni elandelayo.
• I-Mycelium: Ikhula kancane (kusukela ku-0 kuye ku-10 cm ngaphansi kodoti wamaqabunga), ihlanganiswe kahle nezimpande nemfucumfucu yezitshalo, futhi ibalulekile empilweni yehlathi ngokwenza ngcono ukumuncwa kwamanzi nemisoco yezinhlobo zezihlahla ezihambisanayo.

La ukuba khona kwama-chanterelles Kuyinkomba enhle yamahlathi anempilo, ahlukahlukene, nalondolozwa kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima yayo ekukhuleni kwe-mycorrhization iyisihluthulelo sokukwazi ukumelana nesomiso, izinambuzane nezifo.

I-Chanterelle ekhishini: ukusetshenziswa, izakhiwo zokupheka, nokulondolozwa

• Inani lokupheka: I-chanterelle ithole idumela njenge elinye lamakhowe amahle kakhulu adliwayo emhlabeniInyama yayo eqinile, emnandi, kanye nephunga layo elimnandi, iyenza ilungele izindlela zokupheka njengesitshulu, i-casseroles, izitsha zelayisi, ama-risotto, amasobho, amasoso, izitsha zepasta, ama-pizza, amaqanda aphekiwe, ama-gratin, ngisho nama-dessert. Kubuye kube yi-classic ekulungiseleleni i-chanterelle liqueur futhi isetshenziswa dehydrated njenge-condiment noma impushana enamakha, ebizwa ngokuthi "i-parsley yamakhowe."
• Ukuvumelana nokuthungwa: Ingalungiswa ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezindlela: iphelele, isikiwe, noma iqoshwe. Ukuqina kwayo kwenza kube lula ukuthutha nokusebenzisa emakhishini ochwepheshe, ibambe kahle izikhathi ezinde zokupheka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuthungwa kwayo.
• Iphunga nephunga: Amanothi amnandi nezithelo agcwele, aziswa kakhulu ngokuhlanganiswa nezinkukhu, ingulube, inhlanzi ethambile, amaqanda, ukhilimu, u-anyanisi, u-garlic namakhambi amasha. Kukhona ngisho zokupheka ama-chanterelles kuma-dessert (i-custard, i-rice pudding noma ama-pastries), okumangazayo nge-fruity nuance ehlinzekwa yile khowe.
• Ukongiwa: Zihlala zintsha izinsuku ezimbalwa esiqandisini (esitsheni esivulekile kancane esifakwe amathawula ephepha ukuze zimunce umswakama), zingaqandiswa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuthungwa kwazo (okungcono, zipheke eqhweni), futhi zingaphelelwa amanzi, nakuba le ndlela ingathuthukisa ukufutheka. Ziphinde zilondoloze kahle emafutheni noma kuviniga.
• Izakhiwo zokudla okunomsoco: Amafutha aphansi, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaminerali, amavithamini eqembu D kanye nama-antioxidantsIsekela amasosha omzimba futhi isiza ukusebenza kobuchopho (okubandakanyeka ekuhlanganiseni kwe-serotonin); izinhlanganisela zayo ezisebenzayo futhi zivimbela i-oxidation yamaselula futhi zinciphise ukuvuvukala.

• Amathiphu okulungiselela:
  • Ilungele izitsha ezinoshukela nezinoshukela.
  • Ihlanganisa kahle kakhulu nebhotela, ukhilimu, u-anyanisi, u-garlic kanye namakhambi amasha.
  • Kunconywa ukuyipheka ngokushisa okuphakathi ukuze ugcine ukuthungwa kwayo kanye nephunga elimnandi.
  • Ilungile kuma-tortilla, okhilimu, amasoso, ama-stir-fries, futhi isesimweni sempushana ukwengeza ukuthinta okunephunga elimnandi ezitsheni eziningi.
  • Kuma-dessert, kunikeza i-nuance yezithelo emangalisayo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

I-Cantharellus pallens: izici, indawo yokuhlala, ukudideka, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokupheka kwe-chanterelle ephaphathekile

Izinhlobo ezifanayo nezingozi zokudideka: izinyathelo zokuphepha lapho uqoqa

I-chanterelle ingenye yamakhowe aphephe kakhulu futhi alula ukuwabona., kodwa kunezinhlobo ezifanayo ezingase zidukise, ezinye zazo ezinobuthi:

• IHygrophoropsis aurantiaca (i-chanterelle yamanga): Ikhowe elincane, eliphuzi elisawolintshi eline amashidi amancane, ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile (akukho ukugoqa) kanye nenyama ethambile. Ayinabuthi, kodwa inani layo lokupheka liphansi kakhulu futhi lingabangela ukungakhululeki kokugaya ukudla kubantu abazwelayo. Ikhula okhunini nasemahlathini kaphayini, kuyilapho i-chanterelle ithanda inhlabathi ene-asidi namahlathi avuthulukayo.
• Omphalotus olearius (ikhowe lomnqumo): Isifanekiso okunobuthi Owolintshi ngombala onsundu, anamaqabunga agcwele aqinile, iphunga elingemnandi, nokunambitha okubabayo. Ikhula okhunini, ikakhulukazi ezihlahleni zomnqumo, futhi ayilokothi ibe endaweni evamile ye-chanterelle. Kubangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kokugaya ukudla.
• Chanterelle tubaeformis: Ikhowe elidliwayo lika isigqoko esimnyama nesiqu esincanyana, amathoni ampungaAyifaki ingozi, kodwa ihlukaniswa ngokucacile nge-morphology yayo.
• Ama-pallens kaChanterelle y C. subpruinosusFuthi ziyadliwa, zincane ngosayizi futhi zinezimbali ezimhlophe ezimboza ikepisi, futhi isiqu siba namathoni ansundu abonakalayo uma esekhulile noma ngemuva kokulimala. Bakhetha amahlathi e-oki ane-asidi.
• I-Cantharellus friesiiOkuncane nokusawolintshi, okugoqiwe ngokuphuzi-pinki. Okungavamile kakhulu, kutholakala emahlathini e-beech.

Okhiye bomehluko:

• I-Decurrent futhi iminyene ku-chanterelle, ama-gills awasoze ayiqiniso.
• Iphunga elimnandi elinezithelo ngokumelene nephunga elibi lezinhlobo ezinobuthi.
• Inhlangano yendawo yokuhlala kanye nemvelo: Uma i-mushroom ivela ezihlahleni zomnqumo noma okhunini, ayilokothi ibe i-chanterelle yangempela.
• Uma kwenzeka ukungabaza, ungadli futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi uthintane nochwepheshe be-mycologist.

Ukubaluleka kwemvelo nokuvikelwa kwe-chanterelle

• I-Mycorrization: Inikela ngokuyisisekelo empilweni yamahlathi, yenza kube lula ukushintshaniswa kwezakhi phakathi kwezihlahla nesikhunta, okunomthelela onamandla ehlathi.
• Inkomba yemvelo: Ukuba khona kwazo kufana nezimiso zemvelo ezigcinwe kahle, futhi ukunyamalala kwazo kungase kusho izinkinga ngokuphathwa kwamahlathi, ukungcola, noma ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile.
• Ukongiwa: Ukuvuna ngokweqile, ukuminyanisa kwenhlabathi, nemishini yamahlathi kuye kwaholela ekwehleni kwenani labantu ezindaweni ezithile zase-Europe Emaphakathi ne-Alpine. Ngakho-ke, emazweni amaningana aseYurophu, ayizinhlobo ezivikelwe, futhi ukuvuna kuvunyelwe kuphela ukudliwa umuntu futhi ngamanani alinganiselwe.
• Izincomo: Njalo uzijwayeze okukodwa iqoqo elinomthwalo wemfanelo: Sika ngommese ngaphandle kokukhipha i-mycelium, hlonipha imithetho yendawo, futhi uvune kuphela okudingekayo. Lokhu kuba nomthelela ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo ze-mycological kanye nezamahlathi.

Ulwazi lwesayensi olwengeziwe: i-taxonomy kanye nomjikelezo wempilo

• Izinhlamvu: Ukuma kwe-Ellipsoidal, bushelelezi, kucacile futhi okungeyona i-amyloid, 8-10 x 5-6 µm ngosayizi.
• I-Basidia: I-Claviform, 70-80 x 10 µm, ngokuvamile i-tetrasporous.
• Ukungabikho kwe-cystidia: Abaziswa kulolu hlobo.
• Umjikelezo webhayoloji: I-mycelium ikhula ku-mulch engaphezulu, incike kakhulu kumswakama kanye nekhwalithi ye-humus. Ithela ngokuphindaphindiwe endaweni efanayo uma igcinwa.
• Omqondofana wezitshalo kanye ne-taxonomic: Kukhona inqwaba yamagama ahlukile noma angaphambili anikezwe lolu hlobo kuwo wonke umlando we-taxonomy, njenge I-Agaricus chantarellus, I-Alectorolophoides cibarius, I-Cantharellus alborufescens, Ama-pallens kaChanterelle, phakathi kokunye, ukubonakaliswa kokuhlukahluka kwawo okubanzi nokudideka ekuhlonzweni okungokomlando kwabantu abahlukahlukene.
• I-Species complex: ENyakatho Melika nakwezinye izifunda, ukuba khona kwezakhiwo zezinhlobo ezifanayo eziqoqwe ngaphansi kwegama elithi Cantharellus cibarius sekuqinisekisiwe. Izifundo ze-Phylogenetic ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, zichaza kabusha imingcele nezinhlobo ezisekelwe kuzakhi zofuzo kanye ne-morphology.

I-Curiosities kanye nesiko le-mycological ezungeze i-chanterelle

• Ukuduma kwezithombe: I-chanterelle ingenye yamakhowe athwetshulwa kakhulu emhlabeni ngenxa yombala wayo nobuningi.
• Ukuhambisana kwezohwebo: Ukwakhiwa kwezimakethe ezikhethekile zamakhowe (njengaseJimena de la Frontera) kugqamisa ukubaluleka kwazo kwezomnotho.
• I-Haute cuisine: Kuwukudla okuyisisekelo ku-French, Scandinavian kanye ne-Germanic cuisine, lapho kudliwa kusha noma kugcinwe (emafutheni, uviniga, aphelelwe amanzi).
• Ukulondolozwa kwendabuko: I-chanterelle powder eyomile iyisiphuzo esiyigugu kakhulu emazweni afana ne-Italy ne-France futhi ingagcinwa izinyanga.
• Ireferensi ye-Mycology: Ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwayo kokupheka, i-chanterelle iwuphawu lwamahlathi anempilo kanye nezinhlobo ze-flagship zokongiwa kwe-mycological.

Ukujabulela i-chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) kungaphezu nje kokunambitha ikhowe lasendle: ihlola izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, amasiko okupheka, nokusimama kwehlathi, ukufunda ukubona, ukuvuna, nokupheka le ngcebo yehlathi ngenhlonipho nolwazi oluyifanele.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Amakhowe abiza kakhulu futhi afiselekayo emhlabeni: ukunambitheka, izindawo zokuhlala, nezinto ezithokozisayo