Isingeniso se-Erodium cicutarium: Igugu lezitshalo zokwelapha
I-codium ka-Erodium, odume ngelika ipincushion, inaliti kamalusi, ikama lomthakathi, uqhwaku lukanogolantethe kanye nepincushion evamile, isitshalo somndeni wakwaGeraniaceae esikhula ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Igama layo lesayensi lisuselwa esiGrekini ama-erodio, "i-heron", ngokubhekisela ngokucacile kuqhwaku oluhlabayo lwezithelo zalo, futhi i-cicutarium Isho ukufana kwayo ne-hemlock, nakuba ingenabo ubuthi bayo. Lolu hlobo lubambe iqhaza elibalulekile emithini yesintu nakwezokwelapha zesimanje kanye nokudla kwezilwane, ngenxa yengcebo yezinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo kanye nezici ezihlukile ze-morphological.
Amagama ajwayelekile kanye ne-etymology
I-codium ka-Erodium Kuqashelwa ukuhlukahluka okuhlaba umxhwele kwamagama avamile esifunda, okubonisa ubukhona bawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kuwo wonke amasiko nezindawo ezihlukene. Amanye ala magama ngeSpanishi yilawa: alfilerillo de pastor (iphini lomalusi), alfilerillo común (iphinifa elivamile), i-alfilerillo hembra (iphinifa lesifazane), i-alfilerillos (izikhonkwane zesifazane), i-alfileres (izikhonkwane), i-alfileres de stork (iphini likanogolantethe), i-alfilerillo de pastor (i-pinrubrd'), umfundisi (inaliti yomalusi), aguja de vaquero (inaliti yomfana wenkomo), i-peine de bruja (ikamu lomthakathi), i-peine de Venus (ikamu likaVenus), pico de cigüeña (umlomo westork), relojitos (amawashi amancane), i-zapaticos de la Virgen (izicathulo ezincane ze-abarlf of the Virgen) (iqabunga elipinki), cabeza de pájaro (ikhanda lenyoni), phakathi kwezinye eziningi. NgesiNgisi, yaziwa ngokuthi storksbill, redstem filaree (isitshalo sezimbali), noma alfilaria (ikhanda lenyoni). NgesiPutukezi, ibizwa ngokuthi i-bico de cegonha (uqhwaku lwebhungane), futhi ngezinye izilimi ezifana nesiCatalan, cubripeus (uqhwaku lukanogolantethe), isiGalician, i-alfinetiño do pastor (inaliti yomalusi), noma isi-Basque, moko-belarra (ikhanda lenyoni).
I-etymology yaleli gama I-Erodium livela egameni lesiGreki elithi "erodiós", okusho ukuthi i-heron, ngokubhekisela ekumeni kwesithelo, esifana noqhwaku lwenyoni eshiwo. I-epithet eqondile i-cicutarium Ivela kuLatini, ehlobene ne-hemlock, ngenxa yokufana kwe-morphological yamaqabunga, nakuba lesi sitshalo singenabo ubuthi njenge-hemlock (IConium maculatum).
I-taxonomy kanye nezigaba
- Isizinda: I-Eukarya
- Umbuso: Tshala
- Isigaba: I-Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- Isigaba: Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
- I-oda: I-Geraniales
- Umndeni: IGeraniaceae
- Ubulili: I-Erodium
- Izinhlobo: I-Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér.
Kuhlanganisa omqondofana ahlukahlukene njengokuthi I-Geranium cicutarium L., I-Erodium arenarium, I-Erodium chaerophyllum, I-Erodium glutinosum, nezinye eziningi, ezibonisa ukuhlukahluka kwazo kanye nomlando we-taxonomic oyinkimbinkimbi wezinhlobo zezilwane.
Imvelaphi, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nendawo yokuhlala
I-codium ka-Erodium Itholakala esifundeni saseMedithera yaseYurophu, lapho isakazeke khona futhi yaba ngokwemvelo emazwenikazi ahlukahlukene. Njengamanje isatshalaliswa kabanzi eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, eMelika Ephakathi, eNingizimu Melika (ngisho ifinyelela eningizimu ye-Argentina), eNyakatho Afrika, eNtshonalanga ye-Asia, nase-Oceania. Iwuhlobo lwezinhlobo ezahlukene ezingatholakala kusukela olwandle ukuya ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-3,000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
EMexico, ngokwesibonelo, kuye kwabhalwa ezifundeni eziningi: Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte naseSur, Chiapas, Coahuila, Mexico City, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, State of Mexico, Michoacán, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétopas, Talax Potaro, San Tala, Talax Potaro, San Juan de San Francisco. I-Veracruz, i-Zacatecas nezinye, ezindaweni ezipholile nasezitshalweni zasebusika zezitshalo zonyaka.
Ithuthukiswa ku inhlabathi enesihlabathi, eyomile, evame ukuphazamiseka njengemisele, imigwaqo, izindawo ezikhuhlayo, izindawo ezinotshani ezomile nezicekeleke phansi, izindawo ezilinywayo, amadlelo asezintabeni, izimfunda ezimanzi, nezindawo eziluhlaza, okubonisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwemvelo. Ithanda inhlabathi ene-alkaline, ene-pH ephakathi kuka-5.5 no-8, nakuba ingakhula enhlabathini ene-asidi kakhulu noma enosawoti ophakathi. Ayibekezeleli umthunzi futhi ibhekwa njengenkomba enhle yokomisa okuphakathi.
I-morphology kanye nencazelo ye-botanical
I-codium ka-Erodium Kuyinto a imbiza yonyaka noma emibili, kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngosayizi nokubukeka kuye ngezimo zemvelo. Inezici ezilandelayo:
- Usayizi: 10-60 cm ubude; izitshalo ezincane (emhlabathini ompofu) zingahlala zincane kakhulu.
- Iziqu: Okunwetshiwe, okuncishisiwe noma okuqondile, okubomvu-okuluhlaza, kunoboya futhi kuvame ukuba nephunga elinamandla.
- AmaSpredishithi: I-pinnately compound, 5-15 cm ubude, ihlukaniswe ngamapheshana amaningi ajulile; abaphansi bakha i-rosette eqinile, engaphezulu ingase iphikisana neziqu.
- I-Petioles: 2 kuya ku-6 cm, ngokuvamile embozwe izinwele ezinhle.
- I-Inflorescence: Esambulela, esinezimbali ezingafika kweziyi-12, ama-peduncle nama-pedicel anezinwele ezinde, eziqinile.
- Izimbali: Opinki, o-lilac, o-violet obomvu noma omhlophe ngombala, anamacembe ama-5 (4-11 mm), angaphezulu anesandiso se-basal esimnyama, nama-hirsute sepals angu-5-4 mm anemiphetho ekugcineni.
- Isithelo: I-Schizocarp enama-mericarps anoboya angu-5, enoqhwaku oluvunguzayo olunobude obungu-1 kuya ku-7 cm ofana noqhwaku lwe-heron; Imbewu ye-lanceolate, 2 kuya ku-3.3 mm, ibushelelezi, futhi insundu ngokusawolintshi.
- Izithombo: Ngama-cotyledons angama-trilobed namaqabunga okuqala anokubukeka okuphambene, akha i-rosette.
- Umsuka: I-Pivoting, ethuthukisiwe, eyivumela ukuthi iphile ezimeni zesomiso.
Isithombe esilandelayo sibonisa i-morphology yesici sesitshalo:
Izimbali zivame ukuhlangana ngamaqoqo, futhi ngemva kokuphola, izithelo zithuthukisa ukunyakaza "kwe-hygroscopic", ukugoqa nokungaguquki kuye ngomswakama, okusiza ukuzitholela imbewu. Amaqabunga amancane ayadliwa futhi asetshenziswe kumasaladi futhi aphekwe ngaphambi kokuqhakaza.
I-Phenology kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
I-codium ka-Erodium Ingaziphatha njengonyaka noma iminyaka emibili kuya ngesimo sezulu nendawo. Ukuhluma ngokuvamile kwenzeka ekwindla, kanye nesitshalo Iyaqhakaza futhi ithele izithelo kusukela entwasahlobo kuya ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, nakuba ezindaweni ezipholile ingatholakala ezimbalini noma ezithelweni unyaka wonke. Isitshalo sichitha inkathi engafanele siyimbewu. Izithelo zivuthwa ehlobo, futhi ama-mericarp ahlukana ngokusebenzisa umshini ozungezayo osiza ukungcwaba imbewu emhlabathini.
Ukusabalala nokusakazwa kwembewu
Ukuhlakazeka kwe I-codium ka-Erodium Ikhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ngu ukuzihlakaza, sisizwa umoya noma ukunyakaza kwezilwane. Imbewu yayo, entula ukujwayela okukhethekile kokuthutha amabanga amade, ivame ukuhlakazwa endaweni. "Uqhwaku" oluvunguzayo lusebenza njengentwasahlobo okuthi, lapho isithelo somile, sijove imbewu ku-substrate, indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu enhlabathini ehlangene noma elula. Kuvamile ukubona izingane zisebenzisa lezi zithelo ngokuthi "amawashi" noma "izikhonkwane."
Ubudlelwano bezemvelo: Ukuziphatha kwePhytosociological kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Ididiyela emiphakathini ye-ruderal therophyte ezindaweni eziphazamisekile, imigwaqo, emaphethelweni enkundla, nasezindaweni ezinotshani ezomile. Emvelweni wezolimo, ingatholakala eduze kwezinhlobo ezifana ne Ajuga chamaecity, Althaea hirsuta, I-Bromus arvensis, I-Capsella bursa-pastoris, I-albhamu yeChenopodium, Imithombo yezindaba yaseStellaria nabanye abaningi. Kuyi-a isitshalo senkomba senhlabathi eyomile nene-alkali, ikwazi ukumelana nesomiso futhi imelana nokuklaba, nakuba ingawubekezeleli umthunzi ominyene noma inhlabathi emanzi kakhulu noma egcwele amanzi.
Inani lefolishi kanye nokudla kwezilwane
I-codium ka-Erodium ihlonishwa njenge isitshalo sokudla, njengoba izingxenye zalo eziluhlaza zinikeza imfuyo ukudla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zingachume kalula khona. Ezindaweni ezinotshani ezomile, ukuqina kwayo kanye nokudla okunomsoco kuyenza ibe yinsiza ewusizo ngezikhathi zokushoda. Kodwa-ke, ukuwudla ngobuningi kungabangela izinkinga kwezinye izilwane, njengama-equines, ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlanganisela ezithile ezingathinta isimiso sokuzala.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nezithako ezisebenzayo
Ukwakheka kwe-phytochemical of I-codium ka-Erodium Icebile futhi ihlukahlukene. Izithako zayo eziyinhloko ezisebenzayo zihlanganisa:
- Ama-alkaloids: I-caffeine, i-purescine, i-tyramine, i-histamine.
- Ama-Phenolic compounds: I-Gallic acid, i-geranin, i-pyrocatechol, i-ellagic acid (i-coumarin).
- Ama-Flavonoids: I-Chrysanthemum, i-rutinoside, i-cyanidin glucoside, i-petunidin.
- Ama-Tannins
- AmaSaponins
- Amafutha abalulekile
- I-Vitamin K: Yethula ikakhulukazi enzalweni; iwusizo ezinkingeni ze-coagulation.
Ucwaningo lwe-Phytochemical lubonise ukuthi lezi zingxenye zinemiphumela ye-antioxidant, i-astringent, hemostatic, ne-diuretic, futhi, kumamodeli ezilwane, ama-immune system modulators ngisho nemiphumela elwa namagciwane ngokungeniswa kwe-interferon. Nakuba le miphumela ibhaliwe elabhorethri, ezinye izifundo zomtholampilo zisadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlobana kwazo empilweni yomuntu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kwe-Erodium cicutarium kwezokwelapha
I-codium ka-Erodium Isetshenziswe kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo emithini yesintu eYurophu, eMelika, nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okusakazeke kakhulu kuhlanganisa:
- I-Diuretic: Ukufakwa kweqabunga kukhuthaza ukuqedwa koketshezi futhi kuyathandwa ekwelapheni izinso nesinye.
- I-Astringent kanye ne-hemostatic: Isitshalo sonke, ikakhulukazi ekufakweni, sisetshenziselwa ukumisa ukopha kwangaphakathi nangaphandle, ikakhulukazi ukopha kwesibeletho noma ukuya esikhathini.
- I-Galactogogue: Ngokwesiko, impande namaqabunga kwakusetshenziselwa ukugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kobisi lwebele.
- Ama-poultices kanye nokusetshenziswa kwangaphandle: Isetshenziswa esikhumbeni ukwelapha ukulunywa yizinambuzane, i-dermatitis, izilonda, noma izifo zesikhumba.
- I-Sudarificial ne-febrifuge: Itiye eliphekwe emaqabunga lisetshenziselwa ukujuluka futhi lilwe nomkhuhlane, futhi liwusizo ikakhulukazi njengosizo emkhuhlaneni we-typhoid.
- Izinkinga ze-coagulation: Ngenxa kavithamini K osembewini, isetshenziswa ekwelapheni ukopha noma ukukhuthaza ukuhlangana.
- Izifo ze-Rheumatic, izinso nesistimu yokuzala: Ikhonjiswe i-rheumatism, isifo sohudo, isifo sohudo, izifo zezinso nesinye, kanye nokulawula ukugeleza kokuya esikhathini.
Ukuqapha okukhulu kufanele kusetshenziswe ngomthamo, njengoba imithamo ephansi ingaba nomphumela we-hypotensive, futhi imithamo ephezulu ingabangela ngisho nomfutho wegazi ophezulu. Ama-infusions (amathisipuni amabili esitshalo esomisiwe ngenkomishi yamanzi abilayo) kube yindlela evamile yokusetshenziswa, futhi amaqabunga amancane angadliwa ephekiwe noma eluhlaza ngaphambi kokuqhakaza.
Izakhiwo ze-Pharmacological kanye nezifundo zesayensi
- Isenzo se-Antioxidant: Ukuba khona kwama-flavone, ama-tannins, namafutha abalulekile kuwunikeza umphumela onamandla we-antioxidant, ukuvikela amangqamuzana kuma-radicals mahhala kanye nokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative.
- Umphumela we-immunomodulatory kanye ne-antiviral: Ezifundweni zezilwane, I-codium ka-Erodium Ibonise amandla okwenza ukukhiqizwa kwe-interferon futhi yenze umsebenzi we-antiviral, nakuba ukubaluleka kwayo emitholampilo kubantu kudinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
- I-Hemostatic ne-Astringent: Iwusizo ekwelapheni ukopha okuncane kwangaphakathi futhi, ngaphandle, ukopha okukha phezulu noma izifo.
- I-Diuretic ne-sudorific: Isekela ukuqedwa koketshezi kanye nobuthi.
- I-Vitamin K: Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimbewu kusiza ngezinkinga zokuhlangana.
Phakathi kwezinkomba zesayensi ezisekela le miphumela ucwaningo lwama-antioxidants nama-immune modulators ezikhishwe ezitshalweni, ezishicilelwe kumajenali akhethekile. Kodwa-ke, kuhlale kunconywa ukuthi uthintane nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa isitshalo ngezinjongo zokwelapha, ikakhulukazi uma unesifo sezempilo noma uthatha imithi.
Ukusetshenziswa okudliwayo kanye nelukuluku le-ethnobotanical
Ayisetshenziswa kuphela emithi, kodwa Amaqabunga amancane e-Erodium cicutarium ayadliwa futhi afakwe kumasaladi noma aphekwe emasikweni ahlukahlukene okupheka, okungcono kakhulu ngaphambi kokuqhakaza ukugwema ukunambitheka okubabayo noma okune-fibrous ngokweqile. Iziqu zamathenda ziphinde zasebenza "njengeshingamu yemvelo" ezinganeni zasemakhaya.
Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekudleni kwezilwane, ikakhulukazi ezimvini nasezimbuzini, bekungokwesiko, ngenxa yokukhiqizwa okuphezulu kwe-biomass emhlabathini ompofu.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo nezolimo
I-codium ka-Erodium inomthelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ze-agroecosystems kanye idlala indima ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla yezindawo ezinotshani ezomile neziseceleni. Izimbali zayo ziheha abathumbi bempova, futhi ukuqina kwayo kuyenza ibe uhlobo lwamaphayona enhlabathini eyonakele. Kungase futhi kube ukhula oluncintisanayo ezitshalweni ezinjengogalikhi, i-alfalfa, i-oats, ibhali, ubhontshisi, ubhontshisi obanzi, ummbila, ama-apula, amazambane, utamatisi, amagilebhisi nezihlahla zezithelo ezihlukahlukene.
Kwezolimo, ubukhona bayo kufanele buqashwe ukuze kugwenywe ukubusa ngokweqile, nakuba inani layo lefolishi linxephezela ezindaweni eziningi ezomile.
Ukulawula nokuphatha kwezolimo
- Ukulawula amakhemikhali: Ithinteka kancane emithini yokubulala ukhula njenge-2,4-D ne-MCPA; izwela kakhulu ku-Picloram. Ezitshalweni ezifana ne-alfalfa, ingxube ye-Bromoxynil kanye ne-2,4-DB isebenze kahle, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-Diuron, i-Simazine, ne-Terbacil.
- Ukulawula okuhlanganisiwe: Kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali nezinqubo zezolimo, njengokujikeleziswa kwezitshalo, ukulima ngendlela efanele, nokuphathwa kwamadlelo, ukuvimbela ukumelana nokugcina izitshalo eziwusizo.
Izinkomba ze-ecological kanye ne-bioindicators
Ngokwesilinganiso se-Ellenberg nezinye izifundo, I-codium ka-Erodium Kuyisitshalo esithi:
- Akakwazi ukumelana nesithunzi
- Kuyinkomba yenhlabathi eyomile, ecebile ngezisekelo kanye ne-pH ene-alkaline kancane.
- Ayikubekezeleli usawoti omningi
- Imbewu yayo ihlakazwa kakhulu endaweni (iyazihlakaza ngokwayo, nethuba lokuhlakazwa amabanga amafushane ngumoya)
Ukuba khona kwayo kuyakhomba ukuphazamiseka kwemishini yomhlabathi, njengasezindaweni ezilinyiweyo, futhi ingakwazi ukubekezelela ukucindezela okuthile kwamadlelo, okuchaza ukusabalala kwayo ezimfeni nasemasimini avulekile. Ukuhlukaniswa kwebhayoloji kuyikhomba njenge i-hemicryptophyte ne-therophyte: isinda enkathini engalungile (ubusika noma isomiso) njengembewu, ithuthukisa umjikelezo wayo ophelele entwasahlobo-ehlobo.
Ukudideka nezinye izinhlobo
I-codium ka-Erodium ngezinye izikhathi kungase kudidaniswe I-Erodium moschatum kanye nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo, nakuba ihluke ikakhulukazi ekubunjweni nasekuhlukaniseni amaqabunga, ubukhulu bezimbali kanye nesakhiwo sezithelo. I-Erodium moschatum Inamaqabunga ahlukene kancane futhi ngokuvamile iqinile ngokubukeka.
Ukongiwa kwemvelo, ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kanye nezici zamasiko
Lesi sitshalo, ngaphezu kwenzalo yaso yokwelapha kanye nefolishi, siyahlinzeka ukubaluleka kwemvelo, umlando kanye namasiko ezifundeni eziningi. Kuyingxenye yesiko lesintu, ikakhulukazi ngemidlalo yezingane enezithelo namahlamvu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwawo okubanzi kanye nokuvumelana nezimo nakho kunomthelela ekuzinzeni kwezizinda ezinotshani ezomile nezishintshayo, okusebenza njengengqalabutho ekubuyiseleni imvelo yenhlabathi ephazamisekile.
Izixwayiso nezixwayiso zokusetshenziswa komuthi
Naphezu kwezakhiwo zayo ezaziwayo, Ukusetshenziswa kokwelapha kwe-Erodium cicutarium kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kochwephesheNakuba ubuthi bungavamile, ukusetshenziswa okungafanele noma imithamo eyeqile kungabangela imiphumela emibi engadingeki, ikakhulukazi kubantu abathambekele ekubeni nomfutho wegazi ophakeme, izinkinga zokujiyisa, noma abangawadli kahle umzimba. Abesifazane abakhulelwe noma abancelisayo kufanele bagweme ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kweseluleko sezokwelapha.
Inqubo yokomisa yezitshalo zokwelapha kufanele yenziwe endaweni evulekile futhi ezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-40 ° C ukuze kulondolozwe izithako zazo ezisebenzayo. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma isiphi isitshalo sokwelapha, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukusebenzisana okungenzeka neminye imithi noma izimo zezokwelapha ezivele zikhona.
Imithombo ye-Bibliographic nezinsiza ezithakaselwayo
- U-Espinosa, F.J., no-J. Sarukhán. Incwadi Yokukhula Kwesigodi saseMexico. I-National Autonomous University yaseMexico.
- Martínez, M. Ikhathalogi yamagama avamile nawesayensi wezitshalo zase-Mexico. I-Fondo de Cultura Económica.
- U-Rzedowski, GC de no-J. Rzedowski. I-Geraniaceae kanye ne-Flora ye-Bajío nezifunda eziseduze, i-Institute of Ecology.
- Utrera-Barillas, E. Flora waseVeracruz. Isikhungo se-Ecology.
- I-Villaseñor R., JL kanye ne-FJ Espinosa G. Ikhathalogi yokhula lwase-Mexico. UNAM.
- I-Sroka Z, i-Rzadkowska-Bodalska H, i-Mazol I. «Umphumela we-Antioxidative of extracts from Erodium cicutarium». Z Naturforsch C.
- Zielinska-Jenczylik et al. "Interferonogenic and antiviral effect of extracts from Erodium cicutarium." I-Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Izimpi).
Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okujulile kwalolu hlobo lwezilwane, kunconywa ukuthi uthintane nesizindalwazi sezitshalo zesifunda, i-virtual herbaria nezincwadi zesayensi ezikhethekile, kanye nezinsiza ezivela ezikhungweni ezinjenge izitshalo zokwelapha ingxenye ye-JardineríaOn.