I-Lolium perenne: Umhlahlandlela ophelele wokukhula, ukugcinwa, nokusebenzisa i-ryegrass yesiNgisi

I-Lolium perenne, obeye aziwe njengo I-ryegrass yesiNgisi, i-ryegrass noma i-ryegrass yesiNgisi, iwutshani obungapheli obunenani elikhulu lemvelo, ezolimo, kanye nokuhlobisa. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukusungulwa ngokushesha, kanye nekhwalithi kuyenze yaba enye yezinhlobo ezithandwayo kuzo zombili izimfunda zesikhathi eside, utshani bezemidlalo nokuhlobisa, kanye namapulazi emfuyo. Kulesi sihloko, sizokhuluma ngokuningiliziwe nangendlela yokufundisa zonke izici ezenza i- I-Lolium perenne Kuyinketho evelele yokusetshenziswa okuhlukile, ehlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuhlonzweni kwayo kwe-morphological kuya ekuphathweni kwayo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, kanye nokuphendula imibuzo evame kakhulu mayelana nokutshalwa kwayo.

Ukuhlonza kanye nezici ze-botanical ze-Lolium perenne

El I-Lolium perenne kungokokomndeni wakwa I-Poaceae (noma Utshani) futhi idabuka eYurophu, nakuba isabalale kakhulu kuzo zonke izifunda ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo emhlabeni.

• Usayizi: Isitshalo se-Tussock esingafinyelela phakathi kuka-10 no-80 cm ubude.
• Iziqu: Inde, izacile futhi ibushelelezi, ihlanganiswe ngamaqoqo aminyene ayenza ibukeke ihlangene.
• AmaSpredishithi: Amaqabunga ayisicaba, aluhlaza okotshani, acwebezela ngaphansi futhi amaholoholo kancane phezulu. Zine-ligule ye-membranous efika ku-2 mm ubude nama-auricles, i-basal sheath ebomvu uma isencane, kanye ne-midrib engavamile.
• I-Inflorescence: Okumise okwesipike, kuqinile, kuhlelwe ngemigqa emibili ephambene eqondile. I-spikelet ngayinye ine-glume eyodwa, enezimbali ezi-2 kuya kweziyi-11, ama-lemma angenawo, kanye nama-anther angu-2-3 mm.
• Isistimu yezimpande: Izimpande ezifikayo nezithandekayo, ezilungele ukusebenzisa amanzi angaphezulu kanye nokumelana nokunyathelwa.

Su ifomu lezinto eziphilayo I-hemicryptophyte, futhi isikhathi sayo sokuqhakaza siyahlukahluka phakathi kwentwasahlobo kanye nezinyanga zasehlobo zakuqala, kuye ngesimo sezulu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo.

El umbala wotshani Kuncike ezinhlobonhlobo, kusukela eluhlaza okotshani okhanyayo kuya emifino emnyama yokuqina okuphezulu.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-Lolium perenne nezinhlobo ezihlobene

• I-Lolium multiflorum (I-ryegrass yase-Italian): Iyisihlobo esiseduze futhi yaminyaka yonke, ibonakala ngama-glomes amafushane, ama-lemmas ane-awned ngezikhathi ezithile, nama-spikelets anenani elikhulu lezimbali (11-22). Inokukhula okusheshayo kokuqala kodwa ukuphikelela okuncane.
• I-Lolium rigidum: Futhi ngonyaka, ihlukaniswa ngama-anthers ayo amade (3-4,5 mm) kanye nokumelana okukhulu nezimo zesomiso ezindaweni zaseMedithera.

Ngesikhathi I-Lolium perenne Kuyizinhlobo ezingapheli (zingaphila iminyaka engu-4-5 noma ngaphezulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo), I-Lolium multiflorum y I-Lolium rigidum Zingonyaka futhi zigqama ngokusetshenziswa kwazo ifolishi isikhathi esifushane kanye nokusebenza kwazo emadlelweni esikhashana. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuhlwanyela utshani kulo mhlahlandlela ophelele..

Izidingo ze-Edaphoclimatic nezemvelo

I-Lolium perenne uyachuma izimo zezulu ezipholile nezinomswakamaIbekezelela kahle amakhaza amaphakathi kodwa izwela ukushisa okudlulele kanye nesomiso. Ukukhula kwayo okuhle kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-15 no-25°C, yehla ngaphezu kuka-25°C futhi ime cishe ku-35°C.

• Izitezi: Ijwayelana nenhlabathi eyahlukene, ithanda inhlabathi evundile, evundile kahle, enodaka noma enobumba. Ibekezelela ukucinana okusesilinganisweni kodwa izwela kakhulu ukugcwala kwamanzi, okungakhuthaza izifo zesikhunta nokufa kwezimpande.
• i-pH: Ububanzi obukhulu buphakathi kuka-5,8 no-6,7.
• Ukunotha kokudla okunomsoco: Iphendula kahle kakhulu ku- ukufakwa kwe-nitrogen, ngokukhula okuchichimayo emhlabathini ocebile nge-nitrogen. Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuvundiswa kanye nezinhlobo ezihlobene lapha..

Emhlabathini ongenazo izakhamzimba, ukusungulwa kwawo akunamandla, ngakho ukuvundisa kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale amadlelo aminyene futhi akhiqizayo.

Izindawo zokusabalalisa nokulima

I-Lolium perenne Idabuka eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Afrika futhi itshalwa kabanzi ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo emhlabeni wonke, ngenxa yokujwayela kwayo izimo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene. ENhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, kuvame ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Atlantic, lapho imvula ena khona namazinga okushisa aphansi kuthanda ukukhula kwayo.

• Ukusetshenziswa okubanzi: E-Spain, idla kakhulu ezindaweni ezinotshani ezisenyakatho nanjengamadlelo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile ezifundeni ezifana neCatalonia, Aragon, kanye ne-Asturias. Ukuchelela kukhulisa ukuphikelela kanye nokukhiqiza, kanti i-Aragon ihamba phambili ngamahektha aniselwayo.
• Ngaphandle kwePeninsula: Itholakala ezindaweni ezinotshani bezolimo kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, e-Oceania nasezingxenyeni ezipholile zase-Asia.

Ukuhlwanyela: Isikhathi, umthamo kanye nemisebenzi yangaphambilini

Ukulungiswa komhlabathi

Indawo elungiselelwe kahle Kuyisihluthulelo sokutshala ngempumelelo. Kubalulekile ukuhlephula, ukulinganisa, nokuhlanganisa inhlabathi ngerola, ukhiphe amagada futhi uqinisekise umbhede omuhle kodwa ongashintshi. Uma inhlabathi ine-asidi kakhulu noma ingenamsoco, ukuchitshiyelwa kwangaphambili ngomquba noma umanyolo wamaminerali kuyanconywa.

Isikhathi sokuhlwanyela

• La isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuhlwanyela Kungcono ukuhlwanyela ekwindla noma entwasahlobo, ukugwema izikhathi zesithwathwa noma ukushisa okukhulu. Uma ukuchelela kungatholakali, kungcono ukuhlwanyela ngesikhathi semvula.

Umthamo wokuhlwanyela nokujula

• Izinhlobo ze-Diploid: 20-24 kg/ha.
• Izinhlobo ze-Tetraploid: 24-30 kg/ha.
• Izindawo ezinotshani ezixinene kakhulu: Umthamo unganyuswa kancane ukuze usheshe futhi umbozwe, kugwenywe ukweqisa okungadala izifo.
• Ukujula: Akukho ngaphezu kuka-1-2 cm.

Imishini namasu

• Kunconywa ukusebenzisa izitshalo ze-meadow ukusabalalisa imbewu ngokulinganayo. Kungenjalo, izimbewu zokusanhlamvu noma izisabalali zikamanyolo we-centrifugal ezilungisiwe ukuze kugwenywe ukungcwaba imbewu kakhulu zingasetshenziswa.

Ukuphatha izitshalo: ukuchelela, ukuvundisa, nokulawula ukhula

Ukunisela

• Imfuneko yamanzi: El I-Lolium perenne Idinga umswakama, idinga phakathi kuka-12 no-25 mm wamanzi masonto onke, kusukela emvuleni noma ekuniseleni.
• Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, ukuchelela okungu-2-3 ngesonto kwanele, ukulungisa imvamisa yokuna kwemvula. Ehlobo, ukuchelela kuyadingeka nsuku zonke-mhlawumbe ngezikhathi zasekuseni-ukugwema ukucindezeleka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ebusika, ukuchelela kungahlukaniswa kube yizinsuku ezi-3-4 kuye ngokuthi lina imvula.
• Gwema ama-puddles: Amanzi amaningi akhulisa ingozi yezifo futhi anciphisa isikhathi eside sedlelo.

Umanyolo

• I-nitrogen: Ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kanye nekhwalithi yefolishi noma i-turf. Kunconywa ukuhlukanisa isicelo: ingxenye ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela kanye nensalela ekuqaleni kokutshala, kanye nesicelo esiphezulu kakhulu ekwindla nasentwasahlobo kanye nesiphansi kakhulu ebusika nasehlobo. Thola ukuthi ungavundisa kanjani kahle lapha..
• I-phosphorus ne-potassium: Ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezimpande, nakuba ngamanani amancane kune-nitrogen.

Ukuphatha ukhula

• Ngenxa yokusungulwa ngokushesha, ukuncintisana kokhula kunomkhawulo, kodwa uma ukuhlaseleka kunzima, imithi yokubulala ukhula ingasetshenziswa uma isitshalo sesifinyelele esigabeni samaqabunga ama-4, noma izindlela zemishini ezifana nokunciphisa nokugunda kusenesikhathi zingasetshenziswa.

Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo

Izinambuzane eziyinhloko

• I-aphid kakolweni eluhlaza (I-Schizaphis graminum): Ibangela ukushwabana, ukugobeka kwamaqabunga kanye nokuguquka kombala, ukwakheka kwenyongo, futhi ingadlulisela amagciwane. Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuqapha izimpawu kuyisihluthulelo sokugwema ukulahlekelwa ngekhwalithi nenani.
• Utshani bug (I-Collaria spp.): Imunca ubisi, ibangele amabala e-chlorotic kanye nokuncipha kwendawo ye-photosynthetic, okungaholela ekwehleni kwesivuno kufika ku-25%. Ukusetshenziswa ngokungakhethi kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuyingozi; ukubeka phambili ukuphatha okudidiyelwe kanye nokulawula okuphusile.

Izifo

• Ukugqwala komqhele nokugqwala okumnyama (I-Puccinia coronata y P. graminis): Athinta amaqabunga neziqu, akhiqize ama-pustules aphuzi futhi kamuva amnyama, ehlisa inani lefolishi kanye nokunambitha.
• Isikhunta se-Powdery (I-Blumeria graminis o I-Erysiphe graminis): Ibonakala njengenqwaba ye-cottony emhlophe, ishintsha ibe yi-chlorosis nokufa kwamaqabunga. Kuthandwe indawo enomswakama namazinga okushisa amaphakathi.
• Indawo efiphele (I-Cochliobolus sativus / I-Bipolaris sorokiniana): Ikhiqiza amachashaza ansundu ngokumnyama ane-chlorotic halo emaqabunga nasezithweni zasemoyeni, enciphisa amandla namandla okumila. Isakazwa ngomoya kanye nemfucumfucu ethelelekile.

Ukuvimbela kubandakanya ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza kahle kwamanzi, ukuhlukanisa ukuchelela, ukulawula ukuminyana kokutshala, ukuzungezisa izitshalo, nokukhetha izinhlobo ezimelana nezifo.

Ukufakelwa nokuphikelela

Ukuqaliswa okusheshayo kwe- I-Lolium perenne Ikuvumela ukuthi usungule isembozo esiminyene emasontweni ambalwa nje, nakuba ukukhula kwayo kokuqala kuhamba kancane kune-Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum), kodwa kushesha kakhulu kunobunye utshani bendawo epholile. Ukuphikelela kwayo kuneminyaka emi-4 kuye kwemi-5, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zokuphatha kanye nesimo sezulu esivumayo. Emhlabathini ophethwe kahle, ingahlala isikhathi eside.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Indlela Yokutshala Utshani: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Osuka Ekhaya Lakho Uya Emfuyweni Yakho

Ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwefolishi

I-Lolium perenne Igqama ngomthamo wayo ophakeme wokugawula kanye nesivuno sokudla. Iwutshani obuyinhloko obusetshenziselwa amadlelo esikhathi eside ezindaweni ezipholile.

• Rendimiento: Isivuno onyakeni wokuqala singafinyelela kumathani ayi-10-12 wento eyomile ehektheleni ngalinye, izinze eminyakeni elandelayo phakathi kuka-8 no-10 t/ha ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.
• Ikhwalithi yomsoco: Ukugaya okuphezulu kanye nenani lamaprotheni, okwenza kube mnandi kakhulu emfuyweni.
• Ukuzwela: Ushukela omningi oncibilikayo wenza kube lula ukuwugcina njenge-silage noma i-hay.

Izindlela zokusebenzisa

• Idlelo: Kuyindlela ekahle yokwandisa ukuphikelela kanye nekhwalithi yedlelo, ngenxa yokubekezelela ukunyathelwa kanye nokuvuselelwa ngokushesha.
• Ukuvuna: Lapho i-biomass iphakeme, ingavunwa ukuze kuvunwe okuluhlaza, i-silage noma ukwenziwa kwe-haymaking.
• Ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izinhlobo: Isetshenziswa kaningi kuzingxube ezine-clover emhlophe ezimfundeni ze-biphytic, futhi ihlanganiswe nobunye utshani noma imidumba ukuze kulinganiswe ukukhiqizwa kanye nekhwalithi.

Sebenzisa otshanini

• Indawo yezemidlalo: Ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokunyathelwa, ukufakwa ngokushesha namandla okuvuselela.
• Utshani bokuhlobisa: Kusetshenziswa izinhlobo zamaqabunga amahle, ukukhula kancane kanye nekhono eliphezulu le-turfing.

Izinhlobo nezinhlobo ze-Lolium perenne

Imakethe inikeza izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, ezihlukaniswa ngosuku lokuqhakaza, izinga le-ploidy (idiploid y ama-tetraploids) kanye nokufaneleka kokusetshenziswa okuhlukile.

• Ama-Diploid (2n): Anamahlamvu amancanyana kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanzi aphansi, anconyelwe ukwenza i-silage kanye ne-haymaking.
• I-Tetraploids (4n): Anamaqabunga abanzi, ama-juiciness amakhulu, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni aphezulu, kanye nokungenwa kalula kwezifo. Zikulungele kakhulu ukuklaba okuqondile kanye notshani obukhula ngokushesha.

Izinhlobo zokuhweba eziyinhloko

Nota: Ziningi ezinye izinhlobo ezitholakalayo; ukukhetha kufanele kusekelwe endaweni ekhulayo, inhloso (ifolishi, i-turf), kanye nosuku lokuvuna olufiswayo.

Izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe zokusetshenziswa kwe-turf nezemidlalo

• I-CT7: Igqama ngamahlamvu ayo amahle kanye nombala oluhlaza okotshani, ilungele utshani obudinga ukuminyana okuphezulu nokululama ngokushesha.
• I-Pizzazz 2 GLR: Ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokunyathelwa, ukusebenza kahle ngokumelene nezifo kanye namaphuzu aphezulu kumathebula amazwe ngamazwe (NTEP).
• I-Belida: Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha kakhulu futhi ezikhula ngokushesha ezinombala oluhlaza okhanyayo, olungele ukutshala kabusha kanye nezindawo ezinkulu.
• Sirtaky: Iqashelwa amandla ayo okuthola kabusha nokulungisa okuphakathi nendawo.
• U-Fabian: Imelana nezifo eziningi futhi ivumelana nezingxube zezemidlalo.
• I-Platinum: Inikeza i-high-density turf, ifanele izinkundla zemidlalo nezokuhlobisa.

Umthamo ojwayelekile wotshani ngu-30-40 gr/m².

AmaHybrid nezingxube

Ekwenzeni amadlelo kanye nokusungulwa kwe-turf, zivame ukusetshenziswa ama-hybrids phakathi kwe-Lolium multiflorum ne-L. perenne, ehlanganisa isivinini sokuqaliswa kokuqala nokuphikelela nokumelana kwesibili.

Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ziwusizo ikakhulukazi emadlelweni esikhathi esifushane, asetshenziswa kakhulu kanye nasekuxubeni utshani obudinga ukumbozwa ngokushesha nempilo ende.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nokukhula nokunakekela i-Lolium perenne

• Yisiphi isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokutshala i-lolium perenne? Ikwindla isikhathi esinconywa kakhulu, nakuba intwasahlobo ingasebenza futhi uma ukushisa okukhulu kugwenywa.
• Hlobo luni lwenhlabathi ekhula kahle kulo? Ithanda inhlabathi evuthwe kahle, ephakathi nendawo ene-pH ene-acidic kancane, nakuba ivumelana nezimo ezihlukahlukene.
• Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukusungula? Ukuqaliswa kwayo kuyashesha, kuqala ukukhiqiza ifolishi kanye nekhava efanele ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, nakuba ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu kufinyelelwa ngonyaka olandelayo.
• Ingabe imelana nokunyathelwa? Yebo, lokhu kungenye yezimfanelo zayo eziyinhloko, okuyenza ilungele amadlelo, utshani bezemidlalo, nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi.
• Ululawula kanjani ukhula? Ngokuncintisana kwemvelo kwesitshalo, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-khula ezikhethiwe ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu kanye nezinqubo zamasiko ezifana nokususwa.
• Yiziphi izinambuzane nezifo ezingakuthinta? Izinkinga eziyinhloko ukugqwala, impuphu, indawo engacacile, ama-aphid, nezimbungulu zotshani. Ukuphatha okuvimbelayo kubalulekile.
• Imuphi umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu womanyolo? I-nitrogen ibalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe ukuminyana okuphezulu kanye nekhwalithi, kodwa kufanele ihlinzekwe ngamanani amancane futhi anengqondo ukugwema ukungcoliswa kanye nezifo.

Amathiphu ochwepheshe we-lolium engapheli enempilo futhi ekhiqizayo

• Njalo khetha izinhlobonhlobo ezifanele ngesimo sezulu sakho, inhloso kanye nohlobo lomhlabathi.
• Gcina ukuminyana kokutshala kunconywa ukugwema ukuncintisana ngokweqile noma ukubonakala kokhula.
• Lungisa ukunisela kuye ngezimo zezulu, ukugwema kokubili isomiso nokugcwala kwamanzi.
• Vundisa ngokunengqondo futhi ilawula imisoco eyeqile, ikakhulukazi ene-nitrogen, njengoba ingakhuthaza izifo.
• Yenza ukugunda njalo, otshanini njalo ngemva kwamasonto amabili noma amathathu, ukugwema ukusika ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yobude besitshalo endaweni ngayinye.
• Gada ukubukeka kwezinambuzane nezifo futhi isebenza ngokuvimbela ukugcina idlelo noma utshani busesimweni esikahle.

El I-Lolium perenne Iwutshani obushintshashintshayo nobuqinile okuthi uma buphethwe kahle buhlinzeke ngamadlelo notshani obunenani elimangalisayo, kokubili emapulazini ezolimo nemfuyo, kanye nasezingadini zokuhlobisa. Impumelelo yayo ilele ekuhlanganisweni kwayo kokujwayela isimo sezulu, ikhwalithi yefolishi, ukumelana nokunyathelwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kalula, ukuyivumela ukuthi ihlangabezane nezidingo zabasebenzisi abangochwepheshe nabazimele abafuna ukulingana phakathi kokukhiqiza, ubuhle, nokusimama.