Ubulili I-Solanum Ingelinye lamaqembu ezitshalo abanzi futhi aguquguqukayo ngaphakathi kwezitshalo. Kuhlanganiswe emndenini Solanaceae, ihlanganisa ukuhlukahluka okubanzi kwe-herbaceous, shrubby, ukugibela, ngisho nezihlahla noma izinhlobo ze-liana. Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo zibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho namasiko, njengoba leli qembu lihlanganisa izitshalo ezibaluleke njengamazambane (I-solanum tuberosum), utamatisi (I-Solanum lycopersicumnoma isitshalo seqanda (I-Solanum melongena), kanye nezinye izitshalo eziningi zokuhlobisa nemithi.
I-Taxonomy kanye nokuhlukaniswa kohlobo lwe-Solanum
- Umbuso: Tshala
- Isigaba: I-Magnoliophyta
- Isigaba: I-Magnoliopsida
- I-oda: ama-solanales
- Umndeni: Solanaceae
- Umndeni ongaphansi: I-Solanoideae
- Isizwe: I-Solaneae
- Ubulili: I-Solanum
Ubulili I-Solanum Ibamba phakathi kwe-1250 kanye ne-1700 yezinhlobo ezisebenzayo, okuyenza ibe yinhlobo enkulu kunazo zonke ngaphakathi kwe-Solanaceae futhi ingenye enkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwama-angiosperms. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyiqembu lezizwe zonke elisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, nakuba ukuhlangana kwalo okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane kutholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika nase-Andes. Kodwa-ke, kunezikhungo zesibili zokuhlukahluka eNyakatho neMelika Ephakathi, eBrazil, eWest Indies, e-Australia, e-Afrika naseMadagascar.
Emndenini ongaphansi I-SolanoideaeI-Solanum ibekwe esizweni iSolaneae, okuhlanganisa cishe izizukulwane ezingama-34, nakuba ubudlelwano be-taxonomic kuleli qembu busaphenywa.
Izici ze-morphological zohlobo lwe-Solanum
Izinhlobo ze I-Solanum Kungaba amakhambi, izihlahlana, izihlahla, noma imivini, enameva noma engenawo, acwebezelayo noma aphuzi. I-morphology yabo iyahlukahluka kakhulu, kodwa ezinye izici ezivamile zivumela ukuhlonza:
- Isiqu: Ngokujwayelekile i-aerial, i-circular noma i-angular, nakuba kwezinye izinhlobo, ikakhulukazi esigabeni se-Petota, kukhona futhi ama-rhizomes angaphansi komhlaba kanye nezigaxa ezigcina umsoco.
- AmaSpredishithi: Okuhlukile noma kubhanqiwe, kulula ukuhlanganisa, ngaphandle kwama-stipules. Zingaba yi-petiolate noma i-sessile.
- I-Inflorescence: Ohlotsheni lwe-cyme, enezimbali ze-hermaphrodite, i-actinomorphic noma i-zygomorphic, nemijikelezo emine yezingcezu zezimbali enamalungu amahlanu ngamunye.
- Izimbali: I-corolla ingaphenduka, i-campanulate, i-stellate, noma i-urceolate. Imibala ihlanganisa omhlophe, oluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi, opinki, nonsomi. I-ovary i-bicarpellate, futhi isithelo siyi-globose noma i-ellipsoid berry, ngokuvamile iyinyama, nakuba kwezinye izinhlobo ingaba yomile.
- Imbewu: I-Flat, ngokuvamile ezungezwe into ye-mucilaginous evimbela ukuhluma ngokushesha.
- Ama-alkaloids: Izinhlobo eziningi zeSolanum zicebile ngama-alkaloid, njenge-solanine, okungaba ubuthi ekugxilweni okuphezulu.
Isici esikhethekile sabanye I-solanum tuberosum (amazambane) ukwakheka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, izitho ezinesibopho sokugcina izakhi, ezivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo kwesitshalo kanye nokuphila kwaso ezimeni ezimbi.
I-Subgenera nezigaba ze-Solanum
Ngokwesigaba esamukelwe u-D'Arcy nezinye izazi zezitshalo, uhlobo I-Solanum Ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba eziyisikhombisa kanye nezigaba ezingaba ngu-60 kuya kwezingu-70, ezisiza ukucwaninga nokuhlonza ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwamafomu ezitshalo ngaphakathi kweqembu. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezinhlobo ezihlobene, ungavakashela Konke mayelana ne-Solanum dulcamara.
- I-Solanum i-subgenus Archaesolanum
- I-Solanum i-subgenus Bassovia
- I-Solanum I-subgenus Leptostemonum
- I-Solanum i-subgenus Lyciosolanum
- I-Solanum uhlobo oluncane lweMinon
- I-Solanum i-subgenus Potatoe
- I-Solanum uhlobo oluncane lweSolanum
I-subgenus ngayinye iqukethe izigaba eziningana ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezine-morphological and phylogenetic affinities. Ngokwesibonelo, isigaba I-Petota kuhlanganisa nezinhlobo ezinezilimo eziyizigaxa ezihlobene namazambane nezihlobo zawo zasendle, kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa izakhi zofuzo.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-Solanum nokubaluleka kwazo kwezomnotho nezokuhlobisa
- I-solanum tuberosum (izambane): Isivuno somhlaba wonke samasu, umthombo obalulekile wama-carbohydrate ekudleni kwabantu nezilwane.
- I-Solanum lycopersicum (utamatisi): Inkanyezi ye-global horticulture, yaziswa kokubili ngokusetshenziswa kwayo kokupheka kanye nokuqukethwe kwayo kwamavithamini kanye ne-antioxidant.
- I-Solanum melongena (isitshalo seqanda): Saziswa kakhulu ku-cuisine yaseMedithera, ecebile kumakhompiyutha e-phenolic anezakhiwo ezizuzisa impilo.
- I-Solanum betaceum (utamatisi wesihlahla), I-Solanum quitoense (inhlanhla), I-Solanum muricatum (ikhukhamba elimnandi), I-Solanum aethiopicum y I-Solanum macrocarponAyaziwa kakhulu kodwa aya ngokuya aziswa ngezimfanelo zawo zokudla okunomsoco kanye nokujwayela izimo zezulu ezihlukahlukene.
- I-Solanum pseudocapsicum (I-Jerusalem cherry noma i-myrtle): Isetshenziswa njengesitshalo sokuhlobisa amajikijolo ayo abomvu ngokugqamile, inobuthi uma idliwa. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka Konke mayelana notamatisi omncane i-Solanum pseudocapsicum.
- I-Solanum capsicastrum: Isitshalo sokuhlobisa esincane, esilinyelwa ukukhanga amajikijolo awo awolintshi noma abomvu.
- I-Solanum rantonnetii (Blue-flowered nightshade): Isitshalo esisetshenziswa kakhulu engadini yokuhlobisa, siphawuleka ngezimbali zaso eziluhlaza-violet nokuqina. Ulwazi olwengeziwe ku konke mayelana ne-Solanum rantonnetii.
- I-Solanum jasminoides: Idume njengomqwali wokuhlobisa, onezimbali ezimhlophe noma eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezimelana nokukhula kalula.
Kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi, ezinye ezitshalwa izithelo zazo, izilimo eziyizigaxa, noma amaqabunga adliwayo, kanti ezinye ngenani lazo lokwelapha noma njengomthombo wama-alkaloids anentshisekelo yezemithi. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, vakashela Konke mayelana ne-solanaceae.
Ukunakekelwa nokutshalwa kwezinhlobo ze-Solanum
Impumelelo ekukhuleni I-Solanum Kuncike ezicini zohlobo ngalunye, nakuba kunezincomo ezijwayelekile ezisebenza kwabaningi. Ngezinhlobo zokuhlobisa ezikhulayo, sincoma ukubonisana konke mayelana nezitshalo ezikhulayo ezingapheli.
- Ukukhanya: Bakhetha izindawo ezinelanga noma ezinokukhanya okukhanyayo. Ilanga eligcwele lithanda ukuqhakaza kanye nombala wamajikijolo ezinhlotsheni zokuhlobisa.
- Ithempelesha: Iningi liwabekezelela kahle amazinga okushisa afudumele, kodwa angadinga ukuvikeleka kusithwathwa.
- Ukunisela: Zidinga ukuchelela njalo entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ukugcina i-substrate imanzi kodwa ingagcwali amanzi. Ngezinhlobo ezimelana nokubanda, thintana konke mayelana nezitshalo ezikwazi ukumelana nokubanda.
- Phansi: Bathanda inhlabathi evundile, evundile kahle enothile ngezinto eziphilayo.
- Obhalisile: Kufanele zivundiswe ngesikhathi sokukhula nesigaba sokuqhakaza, ngokufanelekile ngomanyolo owuketshezi njalo ngemva kwamasonto amabili noma amathathu ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
- Ukuthena: Ukuthenwa okwakhayo kanye nokunakekela kusiza ukukhuthaza ukukhula nokuthela, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezitshalwa njengezihlobiso.
Ezinhlotsheni ezifana I-Solanum capsicastrum y I-Solanum pseudocapsicumKunconywa ukuthena ekupheleni kwe-fruiting uma ufuna ukugcina isitshalo iminyaka eminingana. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokutshala isitshalo seqanda ekhaya, vakashela konke mayelana nokutshala ama-eggplant.
Ukuphindaphindeka nokusabalalisa ku-Solanum
Ubulili I-Solanum Ngokuvamile isakazwa ngembewu, nakuba ezinhlotsheni ezithile, ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokusikwa noma ukuhlukaniswa kwama-rhizomes/izilimo eziyizigaxa kuyasebenza. Ikakhulukazi, uma ufuna ukufunda ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zesitshalo seqanda, thintana konke mayelana nezinhlobo zama-eggplant.
- Ngembewu: Hlwanyela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuma-substrates akhanyayo, ugcine umswakama oqhubekayo kanye nezinga lokushisa elifudumele. Ngezinhlobo zokuhlobisa, ungacabangela futhi ukusabalalisa ngokusika.
- Ngama-tubers: Ezinhlotsheni ezinjengamazambane, ukusakazeka ngokuvamile kuyimifino, ngokutshala izingcezu ze-tuber eziqukethe ama-buds noma "amehlo."
Izinambuzane nezifo ezijwayelekile eSolanum
Izitshalo zenhlobo I-Solanum Zingathinteka yizinambuzane nezifo ezihlukahlukene, nakuba eziningi zibonisa ukuqina okuphawulekayo uma zikhule ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Izinkinga ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- Ama-aphid, isicabucabu esibomvu, i-whitefly: Izinambuzane ezihlasela amaqabunga namahlumela, zenze isitshalo sibe buthaka. Ukwelashwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezivimbelayo kanye nokulawulwa kwebhayoloji kusiza ukuzigcina zikude.
- Isikhunta njenge-Botrytis: Umswakama owedlulele ungaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhunta esimpunga namabala we-necrotic emaqabunga. Amakhambi ayinhloko ukulungisa ukuchelela, ukuthuthukisa umoya wokuphefumula, nokususa izindawo ezithintekile.
Ubuthi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithi ezinhlotsheni zeSolanum
Izinhlobo eziningi ze-genus I-Solanum Aqukethe ama-alkaloid afana ne-solanine, i-tomatine, ne-solanocapsin. Lezi zinhlanganisela, ekugxilweni okuphezulu, zingaba yingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni, zibangele yonke into kusukela ekuphathekeni kwamathumbu emathunjini kuya emiphumeleni yezinzwa ezimweni zokuphuza kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukwazi ubuthi bohlobo ngalunye, njengoba ezinye izithelo, njenge-Jerusalem tomatillo, zinobuthi obukhulu, kanti ezinye, njengotamatisi ophekiwe noma amazambane, ziphephile futhi zinomsoco.
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-Solanum ziwumthombo wezinhlanganisela ezisetshenziswa ekhemisi nakwezokwelapha zendabuko, ezinezindawo zokuqeda ukuvuvukala kanye nezokuqeda ukuvuvukala, futhi zisetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zokuhlanganiswa kwezidakamizwa.
I-Solanum engadini yokuhlobisa
Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze I-Solanum Baziswa kakhulu ekutshaleni izingadi ngenxa yobuhle bezimbali nezithelo zabo. I-Solanum pseudocapsicum, ngokwesibonelo, igqama ngaphakathi nangaphandle ngamajikijolo ayo abomvu ngokugqamile. Ihlobisa izivande futhi ingatshalwa njengesihlahlana noma i-clicker, ijwayelane nemingcele, uthango, kanye nesitshalo esizimele sodwa.
El I-Solanum jasminoides Esinye isibonelo, esilungele ukumboza ama-pergolas nezindonga, njengoba sikhiqiza izimbali eziningi ezimhlophe ezinenkanyezi isikhathi eside.
I-Curiosities kanye nezimpawu ze-Solanum
Igama I-Solanum Livela esiLatini futhi lihlotshaniswa nawo womabili igama elithi "ilanga" ngenxa yokukhethwa kwalezi zitshalo ezindaweni ezinelanga, kanye negama lesiGreki. ama-stubsoxins (strychnos), esetshenziswa ababhali bakudala ukuqoka kokubili i-nightshade nesitshalo seqanda. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, bheka.
Lolu hlobo luye lwachazwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo emibhalweni yezitshalo nezokwelapha, futhi lwadlala indima ebalulekile ekudleni kwabantu ngemva kokwethulwa kwezinhlobo zaseMelika kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Ukuhlukahluka kwamagama adumile ahlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezifana I-Solanum pseudocapsicum ikhombisa ukuba khona kwayo emhlabeni wonke: i-Jerusalem cherry, upelepele wamanga, upelepele waseNdiya, utamatisi omncane, phakathi kokunye. Kubalulekile ukugwema ukudideka nezinye izinhlobo, njengoba ubuthi bungahluka. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, vakashela.
Ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kohlobo I-Solanum Isaqhubeka nokuba yisihloko sezifundo zesayensi yezitshalo, ngenxa yentshisekelo yayo yesayensi kanye nenani layo lemvelo, i-agronomic, kanye nokuhlobisa. Ukuthola nokuqonda ukunotha kwaleli qembu lezitshalo kusivumela ukuthi sisebenzise izinzuzo zaso futhi sijabulele uhlobo olulodwa oluhehayo nolusizo kakhulu emhlabeni wezitshalo.
