La I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala Iyi-bromeliad engaziwa kangako ngaphandle kwezindilinga zezitshalo, kodwa inomlando othakazelisayo kanye namandla amakhulu okuhlobisa. Naphezu kokuba yingxenye yeqembu elikhulu nelihlukahlukene kakhulu emndenini we-Bromeliaceae, ayiveli njalo emaqoqweni azimele noma ezingadini zasezindaweni ezishisayo, into eqala ukushintsha njengoba ulwazi ngayo kanye nohlobo lwayo lwaziwa kabanzi.
Emndenini we-bromeliad, uhlobo lwe-genus I-Pitcairnia idlala indima ebalulekileKungokwesibili ngobukhulu ngemva I-Tillandsia futhi linikeza igama lalo umndeni ongaphansi we-Pitcairnioideae. Kulesi simo esibanzi nesingakahlolwa kakhulu, lolu hlobo I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala Ivelele njengesibonelo esimele ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezitshalo okufihliwe ezindaweni zaseNeotropics, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimanzi zezintaba zaseNingizimu Melika.
Iyini i-Pitcairnia dolichopetala futhi ingena kanjani ohlotsheni lwayo?
Ubulili IPitcairnia okwamanje ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-470 kanye nezinhlobo ezincane ezamukelwe ngokusemthethweni yizazi zezitshalo, ngokusho kweqoqo lakamuva njengalelo likaSaraiva et al. (2015) kanye ne-Encyclopedia of Bromeliads (2018); ukuze kuqondwe kangcono izinhlobo ze-bromeliads kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwayo. Kodwa-ke, kusolwa ukuthi leli nani aliphelele, ngoba kusenezindawo eziningi ezingahlolwanga kahle esifundeni se-Neotropical kanye nemiphakathi eminingi engakachazwa noma ingakabuyekezwa ngokuningiliziwe.
La I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala Harms Ingenye yalezo zinhlobo ezibhalwe emaqoqweni esayensi kodwa cishe azikho kwezohwebo lwezitshalo. Ekuhlukanisweni kwanamuhla, ifakiwe njengengxenye ye: Plantae > Monocotyledonae > Poales > Bromeliaceae > Pitcairnioideae > I-PitcairniaLesi simo se-taxonomic sibonisa ubuhlobo baso obuseduze nezinye i-bromeliads zomhlaba noma ze-rupicous, ngokungafani ne-tillandsias eziningi, ngokuvamile zikhula enhlabathini noma emadwaleni kunasemagatsheni emithi.
Sekuyiminyaka kucatshangwa ukuthi uhlobo I-PepiniaYayaziwa ngezimbali zayo ezikhazimulayo, yayizimele, kodwa izifundo zakamuva ziholele ekufakweni kwayo njenge-subgenus ngaphakathi I-PitcairniaLokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi ezazifakiwe ngaphambilini I-Pepinia Manje seziphathwa njengezinhlobo ezithile ze-pitcairnias. Noma kunjalo, abanye ochwepheshe baveza ukuthi kunezinhlobo "ezingavamile" ngaphakathi kwazo. I-Pitcairnia —futhi kanye I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala kuyafundwa kulo mongo obanzi—okungathethelela ukuhlukana kwesikhathi esizayo kube yizizukulwane ezintsha lapho kutholakala idatha eyengeziwe yama-molecule kanye ne-morphological.
Ngokuvamile, Ama-pitcairnia awanakwanga kakhulu Ekulimeni, ziye zabonwa njengezitshalo ezinameva ezinamahlamvu amade, aluhlaza, futhi angaphawuleki kanye nama-inflorescence okuthiwa "ayacasula". Kodwa-ke, izazi zezitshalo eziningi ezinolwazi kanye nabaqoqi bagcizelela ukuthi lo mbono awulungile, ngoba ngaphakathi kohlobo kukhona izinhlobo ezinamahlamvu ahlobisa kakhulu kanye nezakhiwo zezimbali ezinhle kakhulu, ezinenhlanganisela enamandla ebomvu, amawolintshi, kanye nophuzi.
Imvelaphi nendawo yokuhlala yePitcairnia dolichopetala
Ulwazi lwe-Herbarium lubonisa ukuthi I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala iqoqwe eColombiaIkakhulukazi, edolobheni lase-Alto Mercedes, emnyangweni we-Valle del Cauca. Lesi sifunda siyingxenye ye-Andes yaseColombia, indawo eyaziwa ngokuceba kwayo okungavamile kwezimbali kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokutholakala kwezitshalo eziningi. Indawo ihambelana nendawo ye-Neotropical yaseNingizimu Melika, lapho izimo ezinomswakama, indawo eqinile, kanye nezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene kudala khona izitshalo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu.
NgoMeyi 1930, ithimba lezitshalo laqoqa isampula ye- I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala kuleyo ndawo, okwamanje egcinwe eMnyangweni Wezitshalo weSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian NMNH – UMnyango Wezitshalo). Isampula ibhalwe ngebhakhodi engu-00088826 futhi ibhaliswe ngaphansi kwesihlonzi seqoqo nmnhbotany_2150845. Le datha ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukubhekisela okuzinzile kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezifundweni ezilandelayo.
Iqiniso lokuthi Itholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo zasezintabeni Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi lesi sitshalo sijwayele izimo zezulu ezinomswakama, lapho kunemvula ephawulekayo ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka kodwa ngaphandle kokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa. Ama-pitcairnia kulezi zindawo avame ukukhula ezindaweni ezimanzi kahle, enhlabathini ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo, noma ngisho nasezimfantwini zamadwala lapho ezinye izingxenye ziqongelela khona.
Amaqoqo e-Herbarium afana ne-Smithsonian anikeza ithuba lomlando lokwazi ukusatshalaliswa kokuqala kwezinhloboNakuba irekhodi lango-1930 likhuluma kuphela nge-Alto Mercedes, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi lolu hlobo ludlulela kwezinye izigaba zezintaba zase-Andean eColombia ngisho nasezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, njalo ngaphakathi kwendawo ephakeme kakhulu lapho uhlobo lunokuhlukahluka okukhulu khona.
Uhlobo lwePitcairnia: ukuhlukahluka kanye nezici ezikhethekile
Ngaphakathi kwe-bromeliads, IPitcairnia uhlobo oluhlukahlukene kakhulu okusalokhu kungaziwa kakhulu. Njengoba kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-470 ezamukelekayo, eziningi zazo ezingafundwanga kahle, kucatshangwa ukuthi inani langempela lezinhlobo ezahlukene lizoba phezulu kakhulu uma izinto zokugcina izimbali seziqediwe ezindaweni ezikude futhi kubuyekezwa izinhlobo ezinzima.
Umqoqi okhethekile angatshala izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ze- I-Pitcairnia engadini eyodwa, kokubili ezitsheni nasemhlabathini. Eqinisweni, kukhona abathanda kakhulu kanye nososayensi bezitshalo ababika ukuphathwa ngasikhathi sinye kwama-taxa angaba ngu-35 ezindaweni ezifudumele njengeCalifornia, ngaphezu kokulondoloza ezinye izinhlobo emazweni ashisayo njengeGuatemala. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okuqoqiwe kusenza siqinisekise ukuthi, Njengezitshalo ezifakwe emabhodweni noma engadini, ama-pitcairnia amaningi kulula ngokumangazayo ukuwatshala.
Phakathi kwenani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezichazwe, ezinye ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile, isibonelo, izinhlobo ezibizwa ngokuthi ezibolayo. Amagama anjengokuthi I-Pitcairnia tabuliformis Zivame ukucashunwa njengezinkomba zama-bromeliad alahlekelwa ngokuphelele izingxenye zawo zasemoyeni futhi angene endaweni yokulala ephawulekayo, edinga isikhathi eside sokoma ngesikhathi sokulala ukuze ahlume kakhulu ngemva kwalokho. Le iphethini yesizini evelele kakhulu Lokhu kuyahluka kakhulu kohlobo oluningi, oluhlala luluhlaza isikhathi esiningi sonyaka ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.
Izinhlobo eziningi ze I-Pitcairnia ifa ama-bracts nama-corollas ezimbali anemibala egqamileNjengoba zibuswa imibala egqamile ephuzi, e-orenji, nebomvu, lezi zitshalo, nakuba zivame ukuhlala isikhathi esifushane—ezivamile kuma-bromeliad amaningi—zingagcina umbala wazo ogqamile kuze kube izinyanga ezimbalwa kwezinye izinhlobo. Lokhu kuzenza zibe yizikhethelo ezinhle kakhulu zokwengeza umbala ohlala isikhathi eside ezingadini zasezindaweni ezishisayo noma eziqoqweni zangaphakathi ezikhanyiswe kahle.
Ubandlululo mayelana nama-pitcairnia njenge izitshalo “ezingathandeki” futhi ezinameva kakhulu Ukwanda kwazo kwezentengiselwano kuye kwehliswa. Kodwa-ke, labo abaye bazibona kokubili ekulimeni nasendle bagcizelela ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi ezilawulekayo ezinobukhulu obuphakathi, ezinamahlamvu amahle nezimbali ezinhle kakhulu. Njengoba izinzuzo zazo zaziwa kabanzi futhi ukutholakala kwezinto zezitshalo kukhula, kulindeleke ukuthi zithole ukuvelela ekutshalweni kwezitshalo kanye nokuqoqwa kwezitshalo zangasese.
Izici kanye nesimo sePitcairnia dolichopetala
Nakuba imibhalo ye-herbarium yakudala ku I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala Nakuba igxile kakhulu endaweni kanye nedatha yokuqoqwa kunasezincazelweni ezinemininingwane, kungenzeka ukuchaza izici zesitshalo ngokusekelwe kuphethini evamile yohlobo kanye nomongo we-taxonomic wohlobo. Njengezinhlobo eziningi ze-pitcairnias, iyi-bromeliad ehlala emhlabeni noma ehlala edwaleni ene-rosette ende kakhulu namaqabunga amancane.
Amashidi we izinhlobo eziningi zePitcairnia Zinde, zincane, futhi zibukeka ziqinile, zinotshani, ngokuvamile zinemiphetho engaba nezimpande ezincane noma ezibushelelezi, kuye ngohlobo lwazo. Ngokuvamile zakha amaqoqo amancane anekhono lokuhluma kusukela phansi, okwenza kube lula ukutshala kwawo ezitsheni kanye nokululama kwawo ngemva kwezikhathi zokucindezeleka uma uhlelo lwezimpande luhlala luphilile.
Ngokuphathelene ne-inflorescence, uhlobo lwaziwa ukuthi lubonakala ngokuthi izindlebe noma amaqoqo anama-bracts anombala okhanyayo, lapho kuvela khona izimbali ezinde. Ezinhlotsheni ezihlobene I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala Imibala ebomvu neyolintshi ivame kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganiswe nombala ophuzi obukhali ku-corolla. Lesi sakhiwo sezimbali sivame ukuheha izinambuzane ezithutha impova njengezinyoni ezihumzelayo kanye nezinambuzane ezithile ezikhethekile ku-nectar.
Isici esithakazelisayo kakhulu salezi zitshalo ukuthi, nakuba imbali ngayinye ibuna ngokushesha, Ama-bracts azungeze i-inflorescence ahlala ehlobisa. amasonto, okwandisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuthandwa kokuhlobisa. Lesi sici, esabiwe yi I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala Kanye nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo, kuchaza ukuthi kungani abanye abaqoqi bezibheka njengezibaluleke kangaka ezingadini zasezindaweni ezishisayo kanye namaqoqo e-bromeliad.
Ngokombono we-botanical, isakhiwo sembali kanye ne-inflorescence Kuma-pitcairnia, lokhu kubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni izinhlobo ezihlobene eduze, ngakho-ke izifundo ze-taxonomic zivame ukusekelwe emininingwaneni efana nobude obuhlobene bamacembe, ukuma kwepayipi lezimbali, ukuhlelwa kwama-bracts, kanye nokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwezici ezithile emaqabunga naseziqwini. Nakuba idatha ethile ku I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala Zitholakala emisebenzini ekhethekile nasemalebhelini e-herbarium; igama lazo selivele lisikisela amacembe amade (kusukela kwelesiGriki elithi “dolicho-”, amade), ahambisana nephethini yezimbali ezimakwe njengemibhobho.
Ukutshala nokuphathwa kwe-pitcairnias
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabalimi abakhethekile kubonisa ukuthi Ama-pitcairnia amaningi kulula ukuwagcinauma nje imvelaphi yazo yesimo sezulu ihlonishwa. Ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele njengezindawo ezithile zaseCalifornia, laba baqoqi bayakwazi ukulima izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-35 ezahlukene ezitsheni, ngemiphumela emihle, uma nje benokukhanya okuningi, ukunisela okuhambisana nesizini, kanye nendawo ekhipha amanzi kahle.
Ngokuvamile, Izinhlobo ezingavundile ziyakuthanda ukuchelela njalo Ngesikhathi sokukhula, gcina isisekelo simanzi kancane kodwa singagcwali amanzi, njengoba izimpande ziyahlupheka uma amanzi amile eqoqana isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ebusika noma ezikhathini ezipholile, nciphisa imvamisa yokunisela, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezibonisa izimpawu zokungena ekulaleni.
Izinhlobo ezibolayo, njenge I-Pitcairnia tabuliformisZidinga ukuphathwa okuhlukile: Badinga isikhathi eside sesomiso. Ngesikhathi sokulala, zidinga ukunisela okuncane ukuvimbela ama-rhizome noma izimpande ezijiyile ukuthi zingaboli. Lokhu kuziphatha kusebenza njengendawo yokubhekisela ekuqondeni ukuthi akuzona zonke izinhlobo ze-Pitcairnia ezisabela ngendlela efanayo, futhi kuyalulekwa ukuba nolwazi oluphelele ngomjikelezo wokuphila othize wohlobo ngalunye lapho kutholwa izinto zezitshalo eziphilayo. I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala noma ezinye izinhlobo ezingavamile.
Ngokuphathelene nokukhanya, ama-pitcairnia amaningi achuma kahle kakhulu Izindawo ezikhanya kakhulu, ezinokukhanya kwelanga okuhlungiwe noma amahora ambalwa okukhanya kwelanga okuqondile okuthambileUkugwema imisebe yasemini enamandla kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo kakhulu. Umoya omuhle ubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukukhula kwesikhunta nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwamaqabunga nezimbali okunempilo.
Ngokuphathelene nenhlabathi, i-substrate ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo kodwa enamandla okukhipha amanzi amaningi ivame ukwanele, isibonelo, ukuxuba inhlabathi esezingeni eliphezulu nezinto zokungenisa umoya ezifana ne-perlite, igxolo noma utshani obuncane. Lolu hlobo lwengxube luvumela amanzi ukuthi ajikeleze kahle futhi igwema ukuminyana kwezimpande, into ebalulekile kuma-bromeliad asemhlabathini angabekezeleli ukugcwala kwamanzi isikhathi eside.
Ukubaluleka kwezitshalo nesayensi kwe-Pitcairnia dolichopetala
Ngokombono wezitshalo ezihlelekile, I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala inikeza idatha ebalulekile ekuqondeni ukuhlukahluka ngaphakathi kwePitcairnioideae. Ukuba khona kwayo okubhaliwe endaweni yokulima, kanye nosuku oluthile lokuqoqwa (Meyi 13, 1930) kanye nendawo echaziwe (Alto Mercedes, Valle del Cauca), kunegalelo ekuchazeni kangcono amaphethini okusatshalaliswa kohlobo lwe-Andes yaseColombia.
Amarekhodi avela ezikhungweni ezifana ne- I-Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Zinesisindo esikhulu ekusunguleni izinkomba ezithembekile ze-nomenclatural kanye ne-taxonomic. Iqiniso lokuthi I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala Ukufakwa kuhlu ngebhakhodi (00088826) kanye nesihlonzi serekhodi (nmnhbotany_2150845) kuvumela abacwaningi abavela emhlabeni wonke ukuthi bahlole ulwazi oluhlobene nesampula, baqhathanise izinto ezintsha futhi balungise izincazelo uma kudingeka.
Kulolu hlobo olubanzi kangaka, futhi ngokwengxenye, olungachazwanga kahle, Isampula ngayinye ebhalwe kahle iyingcezu yephazili.Kuyasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi inani elithile lihambisana nohlobo oluthile olwaziwayo, uhlobo lwendawo, noma uhlobo lwezilwane olungakachazwa. Njengoba i-Pitcairnia iyiqembu elinokuguquguquka okukhulu kwesimo, idatha yasensimini (ukuphakama, uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala, i-phenology, izinto ezingaba khona ezithutha impova) zibalulekile ekulungiseni ukuhlukaniswa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezindala ezifana I-Pepinia ngaphakathi I-Pitcairnia kugcizelela ukuthi kungakanani Uhlu lwezinhlobo zeqembu luhlala lubukezwa.Izifundo ze-phylogeny yama-molecule kanye nokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezakhiwo zezimbali, esikhathini esizayo, kungase kuholele ekuhlukanisweni okwengeziwe kohlobo noma ekuchazweni kabusha kwezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlobo. Kulesi simo esiguquguqukayo, izinhlobo ezifana I-Pitcairnia dolichopetala Ziba wusizo ngoba zisiza ekulandeleni izixhumanisi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene omndeni we-bromeliad.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ulwazi ngezitshalo ze-neotropical ezindaweni ezifana neValle del Cauca lubalulekile izinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayoUkuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhona, ukuthi zisakazeka kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izidingo zazo zemvelo kusiza ekubekeni phambili izindawo zokuvikela kanye nemizamo yokuvuselela, ikakhulukazi emazweni anezinhlobonhlobo lapho ingcindezi yabantu ezindaweni zemvelo zezintaba inkulu khona.
Izinhlobo I-Pitcairnia dolichopetalaNakuba kungesona isitshalo esivamile ezindaweni zokukhulisa izitshalo, sifanekisela ngokuphelele amandla afihliwe ohlobo lwaso kanye ne-bromeliads yasemhlabeni ngokujwayelekile: iqembu elikhulu, elinobukhazikhazi elinomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo oyinkimbinkimbi, elingakasetshenziswa kakhulu ekulimeni ingadi kodwa linenani elikhulu lesayensi nokuhlobisa. Njengoba ukuceba kwe-Pitcairnias kwaziwa kabanzi futhi ucwaningo lwazo lujula, kunengqondo ukulindela ukuthi amagama angaziwa emphakathini njengamanje, njengaleli, azothola ukuvelela ekuqoqweni kwezitshalo kanye nasemaphrojekthini okulondolozwa okukhethekile kanye nokuhlelwa kwengadi.
