I-Honey fungus: Isidalwa esikhulu kunazo zonke nesiphile isikhathi eside kunawo wonke emhlabeni

I-Honey Fungus: Ukuthola Isidalwa Esiphilayo Esikhulu Kunazo Zonke Emhlabeni

Lapho bekhuluma ngezidalwa ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu emhlabeni, abantu abaningi bacabanga ngezilwane zasemhlabeni ezinkulu njengezindlovu noma, ngaphansi kwamanzi, umkhomo omkhulukazi oluhlaza. Nokho, imvelo iyasimangaza ngokuthi a Izidalwa eziphilayo ziyisikhumbuzo futhi ziyamangalisa kakhulu kunanoma yisiphi salezi zilwane ezinkulu: i-honey fungus (I-Armillaria ostoyae)Lelikhowe, elikude nokuba nje liyikhowe lasehlathini, limelela isidalwa esikhulu kunazo zonke esaziwayo eMhlabeni, endaweni engaphezulu kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kanye nesisindo somzimba.

Iyini ngempela i-honey fungus?

El isikhunta soju (Armillaria ostoyae), owaziwa nangokuthi I-Armillaria, wuhlobo lwesikhunta esikwazile ukususa zonke ezinye njenge umzimba ngamunye owaziwa kakhuluLokhu akubangelwa yikhowe—ingxenye ebonakalayo nebonakala kakhulu—kodwa ngenxa ye- mycelium, inethiwekhi engaphansi komhlaba yemicu ebizwa ngokuthi i-hyphae enabela emahekthaleni angamakhulu. Le mycelium isebenza ngendlela efanayo ezimpandeni zezitshalo, kodwa inamandla amakhulu okwandisa.

Nakuba ekuboneni kuqala esikubonayo ebusweni behlathi kuhlanganiswe amakhowe - aphuzi ngombala futhi athinta uju oluthile, yingakho igama - Lezi ziyisithelo nje somzimbaIsidalwa esiphilayo sakhiwa amagatsha angamamilimitha ubude, angena emhlabathini nasokhunini, amunca imisoco, ahlangane nezitshalo, futhi, ngokwezinga elikhulu, alolonge isimiso semvelo samahlathi.

Izimpawu nobukhulu bento enkulu kunazo zonke ephilayo

Isihloko se- inhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni Iphethwe yi-clonal colony of I-Armillaria ostoyae Itholakala eMalheur National Forest eBlue Mountains, e-Oregon (United States). Izinombolo ezihlobene nalesi sikhunta ziyamangaza ngempela:

• Indawo: I-mycelium inweba ngaphansi komhlaba cishe Amahektha angama-965, okulingana cishe namakhilomitha-skwele ayi-10 noma cishe Izinkundla zebhola eziyi-1.350.
• Iminyaka yokuphila: Kulinganiselwa ukuthi okungenani iminyaka 2.400, nakuba kunezifundo ezikhuphula lesi sibalo eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-8.500.
• Isisindo: Isisindo esiphelele somzimba singasukela 6.800 kanye namathani angama-31.750, ebesingadlula kude noma yisiphi isilwane esaziwayo.
• I-Longitud: Ukuthuthukiswa kwemicu yayo ye-mycelium iyodwa ingahamba amashumi amakhilomitha ngaphansi komhlaba.

Ukuze uthole umbono wobukhulu bayo, uzodinga ukuqoqa amakhulu amaningana ama-blue whale—isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke esaziwayo—ukuze ulingane nesisindo saleli khowe elikhulu.

Kungani ubukhulu bayo bungazange bubonwe ngaphambili?

El isikhunta soju Akunakwa ngoba Ingxenye ebonakalayo - amakhowe - ayikameleli ingxenye encane yengqikithi yayo. Iningi lezinto eziphilayo lihlala ngaphansi komhlaba okwenza inethiwekhi ye-hyphae leyo akubonakali ngeso lomuntu futhi ikhule ngaphakathi ezimpandeni, amagatsha afile kanye nezinkuni ezibolayo.

Kwakungenxa yocwaningo lokufa kwezihlahla e-Oregon lapho ososayensi bathola khona ukuthi izihlahla eziningi zazihlaselwa ukhunta olufanayo, olwabelana ngephrofayili yofuzo efanayo endaweni yonke. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA, baqinisekisa ukuthi zonke lezi zingcezu zaziyingxenye yesikhunta. i-clonal organism efanayo, isakazeke cishe phezu kwamahektha ayinkulungwane.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ikhowe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni: izimfihlo, ilukuluku, nomthelela wemvelo

Iyini i-mycelium futhi kungani ibaluleke kangaka?

El mycelium Yisakhiwo esiyinhloko sesikhunta esiningi. Yakhiwa inethiwekhi ye hyphae, imicu emihle ekhula ngaphansi komhlaba futhi inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola indawo ezungezile ifuna imisoco. I-mycelium ingakwazi zanda ezindaweni ezinkulu, umhlabathi owenziwe ikoloni, ukhuni noma amanye ama-substrates.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-mycelium ukumunca izakhamzimba nokubola izinto eziphilayo. Kuphela uma izimo zemvelo zivuma (izinga lokushisa, umswakama, imisoco) lapho isakhiwo sikhiqiza imizimba yezithelo esiyibona njengamakhowe, inhloso yawo kuwukuzalana ngezinhlamvu.

Lolu hlelo lusebenza kahle kangangokuthi i-spore eyodwa encane encane ye-Armillaria ingaveza, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nangaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, ukuthi i-mycelium yobukhulu obukhulu njengaleyo eseMalheur National Forest.

Ikhula kanjani into enkulu kangaka?

Ubukhulu obumangalisayo besikhunta soju kungenxa yenhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo. Izici ezibalulekile zifaka:

• Umthamo we-Clonal: Isikhunta sikhula ngokukhula, sikhula ngokukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo kwe-hyphae kusuka kumuntu oyedwa wasekuqaleni.
• Ukuzinza kwemvelo: Ihlathi elivuthiwe neliqinile phakathi namakhulu eminyaka livumela ukhunta ukuba luqhubeke futhi lwande ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu.
• Izinga lokuguqulwa eliphansi: Ucwaningo lwezofuzo lwembula ukuthi i-mycelium igcina i-a ukuzinza kwezakhi zofuzo okungavamile ingenakho nhlobo ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, evuna ukuphila isikhathi eside nobunye bento ephilayo.
• Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo: Isikhunta soju imelana nezimo ezimbi, ehlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama nezinomthunzi kuya ezindaweni ezomile neziphakeme.

I-athikili ehlobene:

I-Sequoia Enkulu: Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo, Izici, Namaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Umjikelezo wempilo we-Armillaria ostoyae

Umjikelezo wempilo we I-Armillaria ostoyae kulandela izigaba eziningana, nakuba ukubaluleka okukhulu kudlalwa yi- mycelium:

1. I-Spore: Konke kuqala ngembewu encane emila emhlabathini noma okhunini.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Mycelium: Ngemva kokumila, i-spore yenza kube ne-hyphae ehluma futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yakhe inethiwekhi ebanzi: i-mycelium.
3. Ikoloni: I-mycelium ikhula ngokuhlasela izimpande eziphilayo noma ezibolayo, amagatsha neziqu, idla izinto zezitshalo.
4. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Rhizomorph: Isikhunta sakha izakhiwo ezibizwa bomvu, okuyizintambo ezimnyama, eziqinile futhi eziqinile, ezikwazi ukudonsa amanzi nemisoco emabangeni amade futhi zihlole izindawo ezintsha.
5. I-Fructification: Ngezinye izikhathi, i-mycelium ikhiqiza amaqoqo amakhowe—imizimba ethela izithelo—aphuma enhlabathini futhi ahlakaze izinhlamvu ukuze aqhubekisele phambili lo mjikelezo.

Kungani i-honey fungus ibalulekile ku-ecosystem?

La I-Armillaria ostoyae idlala indima ebalulekile ezimisweni zemvelo zamahlathi. Umsebenzi wayo kabili:

• I-Decomposer: Ibhidliza izinkuni ezifile, igaywe kabusha ikhabhoni nemisoco ebalulekile, isiza ekugcineni ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nokulingana kwehlathi.
• Amaphaphu: Kungangena ezihlahleni eziphilayo, kuzenze zingenwe kalula yizifo futhi kusheshise ukushintshwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane endaweni yemvelo, okungase kukhuthaze ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, kodwa futhi kubeke izingozi ezindaweni zokwenziwa zemvelo noma amasimu axhashazwa abantu.

Ngokombono wemvelo, lesi sikhunta siyi-a amandla emveloUkukhetha ehlasela ngakho izihlahla ezomile noma ezibuthakathaka kunomthelela ekuvuselelweni kwehlathi, nakuba yayo uhlamvu lwe-parasite Kuyingozi ezitshalweni, izivande nasemapaki, lapho kubhekwa "njengephupho elibi labalimi."

Ingabe isikhunta soju singabonwa ngeso lenyama?

Cha. Usayizi weqiniso we isikhunta soju Ifihlwe ngaphansi komhlaba. Esikuthola ngaphezu komhlaba amakhowe avela ngezikhathi ezithile futhi ayingxenye yenqubo yawo yokuzala. Lawa makhowe ane- ansundu ngokuphuzi futhi ngokuvamile zikhula ngamaqoqo. Ukubukeka kwabo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo ze-Armillaria, kodwa kuzo zonke izimo ziyingxenyana encane yezinto eziphilayo eziphelele.

Ngezinye izikhathi, ziyabhekwa bomvu (izintambo eziqinile, ezimnyama) ngaphansi kwe-mulch noma ezisongwe ezimpandeni ezibolayo. Lezi zakhiwo ziyisihluthulelo sokukhula namandla esikhunta, esivumela ukuthi siqhubekele phambili futhi sihlanganise izindawo ezintsha.

Atholakala kanjani amakhowe amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni?

El ukutholakala kwesikhunta esikhulu soju Kwakuwumphumela wophenyo ukuze kutholwe ukuthi kungani izihlahla eziningi zazifa engxenyeni yehlathi lase-Oregon. Ososayensi baqoqa amasampula ezihlahleni nasezihlabathini ezihlukahlukene, behlaziya i-DNA yesikhunta futhi baphetha ngokuthi, naphezu kwebanga, zonke zingezohlobo olufanayo. i-clonal organism efanayo.

Ukutholwa kamuva kwaqinisekiswa ngokuhlaziywa kofuzo, okwaqinisekisa ukuthi ungubani oyingqayizivele we-mycelium, okuhoxisa ukuba khona kwabantu abaningi. Lolu hlobo locwaningo lwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza amanye amakhowe amakhulu oju ezifundeni ezahlukene eNyakatho Melika, nakuba zingekho ezibanzi njenge-Oregon.

Amanye amakhowe amakhulu: Ingabe kukhona ukuncintisana kwe-Armillaria ostoyae?

Noma kunjalo I-Armillaria ostoyae yiyona inkanyezi yezinto ezinkulu, zikhona amanye amakhowe amakhulu okufanele ukushiwo:

• I-Armillaria gallica: Kutholwe eMichigan, lolu hlobo luhlala cishe Amahektha angama-75, inesisindo esingamathani angama-400 futhi ineminyaka engaba ngu-2.500 ubudala. Futhi isikhunta se-clonal futhi satholwa ngaphambi kwe-Oregon fungus.
• I-Armillaria bulbosaEnye i-clonal colony ye-Armillaria iye yachazwa eCanada, ehlanganisa amahektha ayi-15 futhi engaphezu kweminyaka engu-1.500 ubudala.

Naphezu kwalezi zibonelo, akukho okunye okuphilayo okwaziwayo (akukho izitshalo noma izilwane) Ikhula ibe nkulu futhi inesisindo esingaphezu kwesikhunta soju lwe-Oregon.

Lesi sikhunta siwathinta kanjani amahlathi nabantu?

El isikhunta soju, ngenxa yesimo saso se-parasite kanye namandla angavamile okwandisa, kubangela inselele enkulu ekuphathweni kwamahlathi nezolimo:

• Emahlathini emvelo: Umsebenzi wayo muhle, njengoba usheshisa ukubola kwezihlahla ezifile, kube lula ukulandelana kwemvelo kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwezakhi.
• Ezitshalweni nasemasimini: Iba yi-pathogen ebhubhisayo, ekwazi ukubulala izihlahla nezihlahla, okubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho kanye nemvelo.
• Emasimini nasemasimini: Imiphumela ingase izwakale ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya, idale iphupho elibi kubalimi nabadwebi bezindawo.

Inkulumompikiswano mayelana nokuthi uyini umzimba womuntu

Icala le- I-Oregon honey fungus Kube yisimanga kangangokuthi sekuqubule izinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuthi yini ethathwa njenge umzimba ngamunyeUkuze isidalwa esiphilayo sibhekwe njengomuntu oyedwa, kufanele sihlangabezane nezidingo ezimbalwa: wonke amangqamuzana aso kufanele axhunywe, ahlanganyele izakhi zofuzo ezifanayo, futhi abe nemisebenzi efanayo yomzimba.

Isikhunta soju siyahlangabezana nalezi zindlela, nakuba sakhiwe izigidigidi zamaseli asakazwa endaweni enkulu. Ukuvumelana kwesayensi kwamukela ukuthi iyi-a olulodwa, umzimba clonal, okumnika ngokusemthethweni igama elithi isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Ingabe kungaba khona into ephilayo enkulu nakakhulu?

Kuze kube manje, isayensi ayikatholi noma yimuphi umuntu ophilayo olingana noma owedlula I-Armillaria ostoyae ngosayizi, isisindo, kanye nempilo ende. Kukhona abanye abazongenela ama-megaorganisms, njengohlelo oluxhumene lwama-poplar afana nofuzo owaziwa ngokuthi Pando e-Utah, ebhekwa njengento ephilayo enzima kakhulu emhlabeni, nakuba kungeyona leyo enesandiso sendawo esikhulu kunazo zonke (iPando ihlanganisa cishe amahektha angama-43).

Umbuso fungus, ngenxa yokukhula kwayo okungavamile kanye namasu okusinda, yilokho okuvumela ukuba khona kwalezi imidondoshiya engabonakali.

Indima yemvelo yamakhowe oju

Beyond ubukhulu bawo, ukubaluleka uju amakhowe ilele ukwehlukahlukana kwemisebenzi abayenzayo endaweni:

1. Ama-recyclers emvelo: Zibamba iqhaza ekuboleni kwezinto eziphilayo, okuvumela imisoco ukuba ibuyele emhlabathini futhi igcine i-ecosystem inempilo.
2. Ababumbi bendawo: Ngokususa izihlahla ezibuthakathaka noma ezigulayo, zenza kube lula ukuvuselelwa nokulandelana kwemvelo kwamahlathi.
3. Umthombo wentshisekelo yesayensi neye-gastronomic: Ezinye izinhlobo ze-Armillaria zinokusetshenziswa kwe-gastronomic (ngemuva kokulungiswa okufanele) kanye nentshisekelo enkulu yesayensi ngenxa yofuzo kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside.

Ingabe isikhunta soju singasebenza kubantu?

Intshisekelo ku I-Armillaria ostoyae Akuyona nje eyesayensi. Isikhunta soju sinomthelela oqondile emahlathini nakwezolimo, njengamagciwane kanye nama-recycling agents. Kuyavulwa ucwaningo lokumelana nezakhi zofuzo kanye nama-enzyme awo abolayo amathuba okuphatha imfucuza, ukubuyiselwa kwenhlabathi eyonakele kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha be-biotechnologies obusetshenziswa kwezolimo ezisimeme.

Emkhakheni wokupheka, ezinye izinhlobo ze-Armillaria ziyadliwa ngemva kokupheka, nakuba kubalulekile ukuhlonza kahle lezi zinhlobo ukuze ugweme ukudla okunoshevu.

Namuhla, ukhunta uju yakha a uphawu lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezifihliwe, okubonisa ukuthi ukuphila okungabonakali ngaphansi kwezinyawo zethu kunethonya elinamandla ekusebenzeni nasemlandweni wezinto eziphilayo zasemhlabeni.