I-Miyawaki Reforestation Method: Ungawabuyisela kanjani ama-ecosystem omdabu futhi udale amahlathi asemadolobheni aminyene kakhulu

Indlela Yokutshalwa Kwamahlathi e-Miyawaki: Isayensi, Imvelo, Nomphakathi Ongemuva Kwamahlathi Aminyene Kakhulu

El Indlela ye-Miyawaki Kuyindlela entsha yokubuyisela imvelo edalwe isazi sezitshalo saseJapan u-Akira Miyawaki, ehlonishwa ngekhono layo lokukhula. ukusheshisa ukukhula kwamahlathi emvelo kuze kube ngokuphindwe kashumi kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo enhlabathini eyonakele noma yasemadolobheni. Le ndlela yokwenza, esiphenduke inkomba yomhlaba wonke ukubuyiselwa kwezinhlelo zemvelo eziqinile kanye nokudalwa kwamahlathi azimele asemadolobheni noma asemaphandleni kusekelwe ekuphindaphindeni izimila zemvelo ezingaba khona esifundeni ngasinye, kusetshenziswa kuphela izinhlobo zomdabu eziguqulelwe endaweniLokhu kudala i-ecosystem eqinile engadingi ukungenelela okuqhubekayo futhi iba isiphephelo sangempela sezitshalo nezilwane zendawo.

Isetshenziswa emazweni kuwo wonke amazwekazi kanye nemiphumela ebhaliwe emadolobheni aminyene, ezindaweni ezinogwadule ngisho nenhlabathi eyonakele kakhulu, indlela ye-Miyawaki ayigcini nje ngokubuyisela izindawo eziluhlaza, kodwa futhi ithuthukisa ukuzibophezela kwezenhlalo nezemfundo ngokubamba iqhaza komphakathi. Ake sibheke kabanzi umsuka, izisekelo zesayensi, indlela yokusebenza yesinyathelo nesinyathelo, izinzuzo zemvelo nezenhlalo, izindaba zempumelelo yamazwe ngamazwe, namathemba esikhathi esizayo okutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya okusekelwe kule modeli yezemvelo.

Umsuka wendlela ye-Miyawaki kanye nokugqugquzelwa kwayo

El isazi sezitshalo u-Akira Miyawaki (1928-2021) wayengomunye wabantu abanethonya elikhulu ekubuyiselweni kwemvelo emhlabeni jikelele. Igqugquzelwe yi- "chinju-no-mori" (amahlathi angcwele azungeze amathempeli aseJapane), achitha amashumi eminyaka efunda izimila zendabuko yaseJapan nakwamanye amazwe, ishicilela izincwadi eziyisikhumbuzo njengemiqulu eyishumi ye-"Vegetation of Japan." Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wokuphila ukhula futhi i izinqubo zokulandelana kwezitshalo emahlathini kwamvumela ukuba aqonde ukubaluleka kwezitshalo zomdabu kanye nokulinganiselwa kwezindlela zendabuko zokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi ngezinhlobo ezingavamile noma ama-monocultures.

Ngemva kokuhlala e-Federal Institute for Vegetation Mapping eJalimane, ngaphansi kokuqeqeshwa kukaReinhold Tüxen, uMiyawaki wasungula umqondo we Izimila Zemvelo ezingaba khona (NPV): iqoqo lezinhlobo zemvelo ezingachuma endaweni ethile uma bekungekho ukungenelela komuntu. Lesi isisekelo salo indlela yenguquko: ukubuyisela amahlathi okuqala nabo bonke ubunkimbinkimbi nokuhlukahluka kwawo, kusheshisa isikhathi sokubunjwa ukuze kuzuzwe izakhiwo nemisebenzi efana neyehlathi elivuthiwe emashumini ambalwa nje eminyaka.

Ngakho, indlela ye-Miyawaki idlula ukutshala izihlahla okulula futhi iphakamisa ukubuyiselwa okuphelele kwe-ecosystem., okuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zehlathi kanye nokukhuthaza ukusebenzisana okunenzuzo phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Lokhu kwavumela uMiyawaki namaqembu akhe tshala izihlahla ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 emazweni amaningi, kusukela e-Asia kuya eLatin America naseYurophu.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo zendlela ye-Miyawaki

1. Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo zomdabu: Kusetshenziswa kuphela Izinhlobo Zomdabu ethize ku-ecosystem yasendaweni. Lezi zitshalo, eziguqule iminyaka eyinkulungwane nezimo zezulu nezimo zenhlabathi, zandisa ukuphila, ukuncintisana okuhle, nokumelana nezinambuzane nezifo zendawo. Ukuhlonzwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kusekelwe ocwaningweni lwezitshalo zemvelo ezingaba khona, ukuqoqwa kwedatha yomlando, amamephu, namarekhodi ezitshalo.
2. Ukutshala okuminyene nokungahleliwe: Zitshaliwe ama-specimens amathathu kuya kwamahlanu ngemitha yesikwele, ixutshwe ngokungahleliwe futhi ilingise ukwakheka kwamahlathi avuthiwe. Le phethini ikhuthaza ukuqhudelana kokukhanya, okukhuthaza ukukhula okume mpo okusheshayo, ukumboza komhlabathi ophakeme, kanye nokukhula okuhambisanayo phakathi kwezihlahla, izihlahlana, nezinhlobo zezitshalo.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa komhlabathi nokunothisa: I-substrate ihlaziywa ngokujula (ngezinye izikhathi kuze kufike kumitha engaphezu kweyodwa) futhi inothiswe izinto eziphilayo (umquba, i-guano, izinsalela zezitshalo), ukuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukungena komoya, ukuba khona kwamagciwane anenzuzo, kanye nokutholakala kwezakhi. Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile ekufakweni okuphumelelayo nokusungulwa ngokushesha.
4. Ukugcinwa nokuzimela kokuqala: Ngesikhathi se- iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu yokuqala, ukuchelela njalo nokulawula ukhula kuqinisekisa ukuphila nokukhula kwezitshalo ezincane. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, ihlathi liyaba ukuzimela, ngokungenelela okuncane komuntu, ngaphandle kwesidingo sezibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo wamakhemikhali noma ukuthena.

Lezi zimiso ezine zisivumela ukuthi sidale ezinzile, ezihlukahlukene futhi ezisebenzayo ngezikhathi ezimfushane, lapho i uhlaka lwezihlahla, i-subcanopy, izihlahlana nesembozo Zihlobene ukuze zenze indawo ekhiqizayo kakhulu futhi esimeme.

Isebenza Kanjani Indlela Ye-Miyawaki: Inqubo Yesinyathelo Ngesinyathelo

Ukusebenzisa ihlathi laseMiyawaki kuyinqubo eqinile futhi ecophelelayo, engashintshwa ukuze ivumelane nezikhala ezincane zasemadolobheni (amahlathi amancane noma "amahlathi ephaketheni") nasezindaweni ezinkulu zasemakhaya noma izindawo ezonakele. Inqubo evamile ihlanganisa izigaba ezilandelayo:

1. Ukukhetha umhlaba nokufunda: Indawo efanelekile ibonakala ngokuhlaziya izici zayo ezibonakalayo, i-topography, amazinga okubumbana, nokuba khona kokungcola. Indawo encane enconyiwe imvamisa okungenani 100 square metres, nakuba ukulungiswa kuye kwenziwa ezindaweni ezincane nakakhulu emadolobheni aminyene.
2. Ukuhlaziya nokulungiswa kwenhlabathi okujulile: Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali nokomzimba kwenziwa ukuze kutholwe ukushoda kwezakhi, i-pH, ukuthungwa, kanye nokwakheka. Uma inhlabathi ihlangene, ihlukaniswa ngesandla noma ngemishini elula, amatshe nezimpande ziyasuswa, bese kufakwa umanyolo omningi. umquba, izinsalela zezitshalo kanye ne-biomass yendawoLesi sigaba singase sidinge ukwengezwa kwezinto ezinjengamakhoba elayisi, amakhoba kakhukhunathi, noma umquba wezilwane, kuye ngokutholakala nomongo.
3. Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo zomdabu kuzo zonke izigaba: Inhlanganisela yezinhlobo zezilwane inqunywa emele amazinga ahlukene ehlathi (eliphezulu, eliphakathi, eliphansi, ikhava). Okuhamba phambili kunikezwa izinhlobo ze ukulandelana sekwephuzile (ibekezelela umthunzi, ikhula kancane ezigabeni zayo zokuqala, kodwa okuzonquma ukwakheka kokugcina kwehlathi), okuhambisana nezinhlobo zamaphayona uma kudingekile.
4. Idizayini yehlathi nokuhlelwa kokutshala: Kuyanqunywa ukuhlelwa okungahleliwe nokuminyene kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ukugwema amaphethini avamile, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuxutshwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ukuze kuphindaphindeke ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kwemvelo. Ngokuvamile, izitshalo ezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu zisetshenziswa ngemitha yesikwele.
5. Ukutshala mathupha: Izitshalo ezincane zitshalwa emhlabathini ocebile, okuqinisekisa ukuthintana okuseduze phakathi kwezimpande ne-substrate. Ungqimba lwe-mulch luvame ukungezwa ukunciphisa ukuhwamuka, ukuvikela ekushintsheni okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa, nokukhuthaza impilo yomhlabathi.
6. Ukunisela nokunakekelwa kokuqala: Phakathi neminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu yokuqala, ukuchelela okuvamile (kuye ngokuthi isimo sezulu kanye nezinhlobo) kuyasetshenziswa, kusetshenziswa ukulawula ukhula, futhi izitshalo ezingaphumeleli ziyashintshwa. Azikho izibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo wokwenziwa, noma izibulala-khula ezisetshenziswayo.
7. Ukushintshela ekuzaneleni: Kusukela ngonyaka wesibili noma wesithathu kuqhubeke, ihlathi lidinga ukungenelela okuncane. Ukuminyana nokwehlukahlukana kusiza ukuzivundisa ngokwakho, ukulawula izinambuzane zebhayoloji, ukugaywa kabusha kwezakhi, kanye nokwakheka kwe-microclimate yayo.

Izinzuzo kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo zendlela ye-Miyawaki

Indlela ye-Miyawaki, ngenxa yesisekelo sayo sesayensi, ikhiqiza amahlathi anezinzuzo eziningi zemvelo, ezenhlalo nezomnotho.:

• Ukukhula okusheshisiwe: Amahlathi e-Miyawaki angakhula eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kuya kwamashumi amathathu isakhiwo nokusebenza okuqhathaniswa nalokho kwamahlathi emvelo okungathatha iminyaka eyikhulu kuya kwamakhulu amabili ukuvuthwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezivamile.
• Ukuminyana okuphezulu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo: Ifinyelelwa kuze kube ukuminyana izikhathi ezingamashumi amathathu ngaphezulu futhi phezulu 50% kuya ku-100% ngaphezulu kwezinhlobo zemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa namasimu avamile. Lokhu kuvumela ukuvela kwezilwane ezihambisana nazo kanye nokusungulwa kwamanethiwekhi aqinile emvelo.
• I-carbon sink esebenzayo: Lawa mahlathi athatha inani elikhulu le-CO2 ehektheleni, okunomthelela omkhulu ekunciphiseni ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
• Ukuvuselelwa komhlabathi nokuvunda: Isembozo esiminyene, udoti wamaqabunga, kanye nokusebenza kwebhayoloji kuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, kukhuphule ukugcinwa kwamanzi, futhi kunciphise ukuguguleka.
• Ukwehliswa kwamazinga okushisa nomphumela wesiqhingi sokushisa: Amahlathi e-Miyawaki anganciphisa ukubanda komoya kufika kuma-degree Celsius amahlanu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni futhi anciphise umphumela wesiqhingi sokushisa.
• Ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomoya nokuhlunga izinto ezingcolisayo: Uhlaza oluminyene lubamba uthuli, izinhlayiya ezinobuthi, futhi luhlunge izinto ezingcolisayo ezivela kuthrafikhi yasemadolobheni nezimboni.
• Ukuvikelwa ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo: Ezindaweni ezisogwini noma ezisengozini, zinikeza izithiyo emoyeni, ama-tsunami, noma izikhukhula, ezinomthelela ekuqineni kwendawo.
• Umjikelezo we-Hydrological kanye nokushajwa kabusha kwe-aquifer: Bathuthukisa ukungena kwamanzi futhi basize ukubuyisela amandla e-hydrological.

Umthelela wezenhlalo nezemfundo: ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi kanye nokuqwashisa ngemvelo

Enye yamanani amakhulu ahlukile wendlela ye-Miyawaki iyona ingxenye yezenhlalakahle, ezemfundo kanye nomphakathi:

• Ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi: Ngenxa yokuthi ayidingi imishini enzima futhi ingenziwa ngesandla, ivumela ukuzibandakanya kwezikole, izinhlangano ezingomakhelwane, amavolontiya, nama-NGO.
• Imfundo yezemvelo esebenzayo: Ukutshala, ukuqapha, kanye nokubheka ukukhula kunikeza ulwazi oluqondile lokufunda, ukukhuthaza ukuhlonishwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zendawo.
• Ukuzizwa ungowakho nokunakekela: Labo ababamba iqhaza kuphrojekthi ye-Miyawaki bahlakulela izibopho ezingokomzwelo endaweni ehlaselwe kabusha, baqinisekise ukunakekelwa okukhulu nenhlonipho yesikhathi eside.
• Impilo Nokuphila: Ukuba khona kwamahlathi asemadolobheni kuhlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka okuncishisiwe, inhlalakahle engokwengqondo ethuthukisiwe, kanye nokuhlangana okukhulu komphakathi phakathi kwezakhamuzi.
• Ukwenyuka kwenani lezindlu ezithengiswayo: Izindawo ezinokhuni nezimbozwe ngokuluhlaza zithuthukisa ukukhanga kanye nenani lezakhiwo eziseduze.

Izicelo kanye nezindaba zempumelelo zendlela ye-Miyawaki emhlabeni jikelele

Indlela ye-Miyawaki isetshenziswe ngempumelelo ku wonke amazwekazi, ukujwayela isimo sezulu esishisayo, iMedithera, subtropical and tropical, izindawo zasemadolobheni nezindawo zasemaphandleni:

• I-Japan: Kwadalwa amahlathi aseMiyawaki angaphezu kuka-1300 ukuze kuvikelwe izindawo ezisogwini nasemadolobheni ekuzamazameni komhlaba, ama-tsunami nezishingishane. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nomthelela wabo, bheka isihloko sethu ku ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi emadolobheni nezindlela ezisimeme.
• I-India: Le ndlela iguqule izindawo zezimboni nezasemadolobheni zaba "amahlathi amancane" aminyene emadolobheni afana ne-Delhi, i-Mumbai, ne-Chennai, ngokubamba iqhaza okukhulu okuvela ezikoleni nezinhlangano ezingomakhelwane.
• IYurophu: Amadolobha anjengeParis, iLondon, iBrussels, neMilan aguqule inkatho eshiyiwe yaba izindawo zokuhlala ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemfundo yezemvelo ngokusebenzisa amahlathi asemadolobheni aseMiyawaki.
• I-Brazil: Isetshenziselwe ukubuyisela izingcezwana zeHlathi i-Atlantic, indawo yemvelo eyonakaliswe kakhulu, enemiphumela emihle ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
• I-Chile: Amaphrojekthi amaningi eSantiago, ePirque, eTalagante, nakweminye imiphakathi yasemadolobheni nesasemadolobheni asebenzise ngempumelelo amahlathi emvelo athuthukisa indawo ezungezile, ahlunge umoya, amazinga okushisa aphansi, futhi akhuthaze ukubumbana komphakathi.
• I-Mexico: Okuhlangenwe nakho kwase-Mexico City, e-Xochimilco, e-Monterrey, nase-Puebla kuye kwashintsha indlela yokusebenza yavumelana nezikole, amapaki, nezindawo ezonakele.

Izinselelo nokucatshangelwa kokuqaliswa kwayo

Ngenkathi indlela yeMiyawaki yethula izinzuzo ezicacile, futhi ubhekana nezinselele kanye nemikhawulo lokho kufanele kucatshangelwe esimweni ngasinye:

• Izindleko zokuqala eziphezulu: Ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi okujulile, ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo eziningi ezisencane, kanye nesidingo sokunisela kokuqala kungadinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kunezindlela ezijwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zesikhathi eside zokunakekela zicishe zibe ziro.
• Khetha i-consortium yezinhlobo ezifanele: Ukwakheka kokugcina kwehlathi kungahluka kuye ngokuncintisana kwemvelo phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane nezimo zezulu. Ubuchwepheshe bezitshalo kanye nokuqapha kokuqala kuyadingeka.
• Impumelelo enhlabathini eyonakele kakhulu: Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungase kudingeke umsebenzi onzima nakakhulu ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nesakhiwo ngaphambi kokutshala.
• Ukujwayela umongo wendawo: Kubalulekile ukuvumelanisa indlela yokusebenza neqiniso ngalinye lemvelo, amasiko, kanye nenhlalo, ukugwema ukumiswa kanye nokuhlonipha izitshalo nolwazi lwendawo.
• Ukuba sengozini kwasekuqaleni: Iminyaka emibili yokuqala ibalulekile ngenxa yezidingo zamanzi nokuncintisana kokhula, ngakho ukusebenzisana komphakathi nokuqapha kubalulekile.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nendlela ye-Miyawaki

• Yiziphi izinhlobo zenhlabathi ezifanele indlela ye-Miyawaki?
  Indlela le ilungele inhlabathi ehlukahlukene, inqobo nje uma ithuthukiswe kahle ngaphambi kokutshala. Emhlabathini ominyene kakhulu noma ongcolisiwe, ukulungiselelwa okuphelele kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziningi eziphilayo kuyadingeka.
• Ingakanani usayizi omncane wehlathi laseMiyawaki?
  Nakuba okuhle kuwukuqala okungenani nge-100 m², kukhona okuhlangenwe nakho okuphumelelayo "namahlathi amancane," ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.
• Zingaki izinhlobo zezinhlobo okufanele ngizifake?
  Kutuswa ukuthi ufake okungenani izinhlobo ezingama-20 kuya kwezingama-40 zomdabu ezivela ezigabeni ezihlukene, uma i-ecosystem yendawo ikuvumela.
• Kunini lapho ukuchelela nokuqapha kungasadingeki?
  Ngokuvamile, ngemva konyaka wesibili noma wesithathu, isembozo sanele ukugcina umswakama nokuzala ngokuzimela.
• Ngingakwazi ukusebenzisa indlela endaweni eyomile noma ewugwadule?
  Yebo, nakuba inqubo yokuqala ingase idinge ukunakwa okwengeziwe nokunisela, futhi ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kufanele kubeke phambili izitshalo ezijwayela isomiso.

Izibonelo zamaphrojekthi we-Miyawaki e-Chile nakwamanye amazwe

Ezinye izimo eziphawulekayo nemiphumela yazo:

• E-Pirque, Chile: I-Bosko Foundation, eholwa nguMagdalena Valdés, isebenzise amahlathi e-Miyawaki angaphezu kuka-40 enhlabathini eyonakele kanye ne-microclimates eyomile, ikhiqiza imodeli ephindaphindiwe kanye nokuvakasha okuqhubekayo kwezemfundo.
• E-Talagante, Chile: Inhlangano iFrente de Río itshale izihlahla ezingaphezu kuka-500 osebeni lomfula iMapocho, isebenzisa ukongiwa kwamanzi kanye nezindlela zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngendlela efanele, ngokubamba iqhaza okuqhubekayo okuvela emiphakathini yendawo.
• ISantiago de Chile: Amaphrojekthi afana ne-Isla Nativa USACH kanye nabanye emphakathini wase-Puente Alto basungule amaphasishi emvelo namahlathi omdabu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, besebenzisana nohulumeni, amanyuvesi, kanye nama-NGO.
• I-Madrid, Spain: Emqhudelwaneni we-Spanish Open Golf Championship, izindawo zasemadolobheni ezonakalisiwe zavuselelwa ngokungenelela okuncane, kwashintsha izindawo ezomile zaba izindawo ezishisayo zasemadolobheni ezisebenza njengesibonelo kwamanye amadolobha.
• I-Tokyo, i-India ne-Europe: Imizamo efana neProjekthi ye-SUGi kanye ne-Anarghyaa Foundation iguqule izindawo ezilahliwe, zezimboni, noma ezisemadolobheni kakhulu zaba amahlathi ahlukahlukene futhi aqinile.

Amathiphu asebenzayo okudala ihlathi lakho le-Miyawaki

1. Tadisha i-ecosystem yakho futhi uqoqe ulwazi mayelana nezitshalo nezilwane zendawo.
2. Khetha izinhlobo zemvelo ezizijwayeze kahle (bonana nezindawo, amanyuvesi, nochwepheshe bendawo).
3. Hlaziya futhi uthuthukise inhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala.
4. Bandakanya umphakathi wakho futhi ukhuthaze imfundo yezemvelo kusukela ekuqaleni.
5. Qaphela futhi uqaphe ukuthuthukiswa kwehlathi, ukulungisa ukuchelela kanye nokugcwalisa uma kunesidingo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukubaluleka kokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi kanye neqhaza elibalulekile lezihlahla ekulinganiseni kwemvelo