Umhlahlandlela Wokugcina Wokuvikela Nokulawula Isikhunta Sotshani: Izimbangela, Izimpawu, kanye Nezixazululo Zochwepheshe

Ukuvimbela Isikhunta Etshanini Ingenye yezinto ezikhathazayo kakhulu uma kuziwa ekugcineni izingadi, amapaki kanye nezindawo eziluhlaza zomphakathi noma ezizimele ezimeni ezifanele. amakhowe Azithinti nje kuphela ukubukeka kobuhle botshani, kodwa futhi zingaphazamisa ubungqabavu bawo, zisakazeke ngokushesha, futhi kube nzima ukuqeda uma zingabonwa futhi ziphathwe ngokushesha. Ngezansi, sihlinzeka ngokubheka okuningiliziwe nokuphelele kokuthi ungahlonza kanjani, uvimbele, futhi ulaphe kanjani ukuvela kwezifo zefungal otshanini, okuhlanganisa izimbangela, izimpawu, nezinyathelo ezibuyekeziwe zamasiko, zebhayoloji, nezamakhemikhali ezisekelwe emikhubeni ehamba phambili, ehlanganisa lonke ulwazi lwemboni olufanele.

Ziyini isikhunta sotshani?

Isikhunta sotshani yizinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu ezikhula kahle lapho kumswakama kanye nezimo zokushisa ezivumayo. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene futhi zingathinta kokubili utshani obusanda kutshalwa kanye nobuvuthiwe. izifo fungal Zivame ukuzibonakalisa ngokubukeka kwamabala, ukuguquguquka, izindawo ezomile, noma ukukhula kwamakhowe kanye nobulembu. Nakuba ziyingxenye ye-ecosystem futhi zikhona endaweni ezungezile, izimo ezithile zingadala ukwanda kwazo okuyingozi.

Umonakalo odalwe yi- isikhunta etshanini faka:

• Amabala ayindilinga noma angajwayelekile ngemibala ehlukene (utshani, onsundu, obomvu noma ompunga).
• Izindawo ezomile, ezibuthakathaka noma ezikhula kancane futhi azilingani.
• Ukubonakala kwamakhowe ebusweni ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka.
• Izindawo ezinomswakama noma izindawo ezingenalutho ngenxa yokufa kotshani.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesikhunta sotshani kanye nezimpawu zabo

Ukuxilongwa okufanele kubalulekile ezinyathelweni ezisebenzayo. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesikhunta ezithinta utshani, izimpawu zazo, nezici ezithuthukisa ukukhula kwazo zichazwe ngezansi:

Indawo yedola (I-Sclerotinia homoeocarpa)

Ilingiswa ngu amabala ayindilinga angama-4 kuya ku-6 cm ububanzi, anombala wotshaniKuvamile ngezikhathi zamazinga okushisa apholile kanye nomswakama ophezulu wamaqabunga. Lesi sifo sithuthuka ngokushesha lapho i-turf igcizelelwa noma inezinto eziphilayo ezingaphezulu.

Indawo ensundu (I-Rhizoctonia solani)

Iziveza njenge amabala ansundu afinyelela kumitha elingu-1 ububanzi, ngokuvamile ezungezwe indandatho emnyama noma empunga. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kuhlotshaniswa nezikhathi ezifudumele, ezinomswakama, ikakhulukazi ngokusikeka okuphansi kakhulu noma umanyolo we-nitrogen ngokweqile.

I-Pythium (isifo sombhede)

Kwenzeka ezikhathini ezishisayo nezinomswakama, ikhiqiza izindawo ezinotshani obuguquguqukayo, obuncane, obumanzi noma obunamafinyila. Ingabangela ukubola ezimpandeni neziqu.

I-Microdochium nivale (Indawo ephinki noma enesikhunta)

Khiqiza amabala amancane (2-20 cm), ithoni ebomvana noma emhlophe. Ithanda izimo ezipholile, eziswakeme, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingenawo amanzi ahlanzekile noma imfucumfucu yokugunda enqwabelene.

I-anthracnose (I-Colletotrichum SPP.)

Ibangela izilonda phansi kweziqu ezibola kalula, ngezinye izikhathi zihambisana namabala abomvu emaqabunga nokufa kwezitshalo ezibuthakathaka ngenxa yesomiso, ukugunda ngokweqile noma ukuntuleka kwezakhi.

I-Fusarium (Magnaporthe poae)

Amaqabunga ayabuna futhi avele ansundu ngokumnyama, cishe amnyama, amabala amakhuluLesi sifo ngokuyinhloko sihlasela izimpande, sivimbele ukumuncwa kwamanzi futhi sibangele ukuba utshani buwe ngesikhathi sokushisa.

Indawo ye-Necrotic annular (Ophiosphaerella korrae)

Baqashelwa ngu izindandatho ezinkulu zotshani obufile (kufika ku-1 mitha), ezibonakala ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo nasekwindla futhi zingasakazekela ehlobo.

Izindandatho zabathakathi (isikhunta se-basidiomycete)

chukuluza imibuthano yotshani obumnyama obuluhlaza noma owomile, ngokuvamile obuhambisana namakhowe. Ivamile enhlabathini enothile ngokubola kwezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-drainage engemihle.

Intambo ebomvu (Laetisaria fuciformis, Corticium SPP.)

I-Genera Amabala abomvu noma aphinki nokubukeka kwe-gelatinous emaqabunga, asakazwa ngamathuluzi noma izinyathelo.

I-moss nama-lichens

Aziyona isikhunta njengalokhu, kodwa zikhula kahle lapho utshani bubuthaka khona, kunomswakama owedlulele, umthunzi, noma inhlabathi ene-asidi futhi ehlangene, eqhudelana ngesikhala futhi ivimbela utshani ekukhuleni kabusha.

Izici nezimbangela ezivumela ukubonakala kwesikhunta otshanini

Kunezici eziningi ezingabangela ukuthuthukiswa nokwanda kwezifo fungal. Ezinye zingalawulwa ngemikhuba emihle, kanti ezinye, njengesimo sezulu, azinakugwenywa:

• Umswakama ophezulu: Ukunisela ngokweqile, ukungangeni kahle kwamanzi, noma imvula engapheli kwandisa umswakama emhlabathini nasezindaweni zamaqabunga, okudala indawo ekahle yokuhluma nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamvu zefungal.
• Ukucinana kwenhlabathi kanye nokungangeni kahle komoya: Ikhuthaza ukugcwala kwamanzi futhi inciphise ukukhula kwezimpande, yenza buthaka utshani futhi yenze kube lula ukusabalala kwezifo.
• Izinsalela zezitshalo nezinto eziphilayo eziqoqiwe: Ukunqwabelana kwamaqabunga, imfucumfucu yokuthena, noma utshani bemboza bezihlahla (utshani) kwandisa ukugcinwa komswakama futhi busebenze njengengxenye yesikhunta.
• Ukukhulelwa okungalingani: Initrogen eyeqile, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ikhuthaza ukukhula kwamaqabunga athambile angenwa kalula yisikhunta. Ukuntuleka kwe-potassium ne-phosphorus kwenza buthaka izivikelo zemvelo zotshani.
• Umthunzi owedlulele kanye nokungabi bikho kahle elangeni: Izindawo ezinokukhanya okuncane kwelanga zihlala zimanzi futhi zibanda isikhathi eside, zandise isikhathi sokutheleleka.
• Ukugunda okungalungile: Ukusika okuncane kakhulu noma okungajwayelekile kwenza i-turf ibe buthaka futhi yenze kube lula ukubhebhetheka kwezifo. Ukwehluleka ukuqoqa iziqeshana zokugunda kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwamacansi ayingozi.
• I-Turf stress: Izinto ezinjengokunyathelwa njalo, isomiso, amagagasi okushisa, noma ukugunda ngokweqile kubangela ukuba utshani bube nezifo.
• Ukuba khona kwezinhlamvu endaweni: Isikhunta sihlala sikhulula izinhlamvu, ngakho ukuvimbela kufanele kugxile ekudaleni izimo ezingezinhle zokuthuthuka kwazo.

I-turf encane kanye nokuba sengozini yezifo ze-fungal

Un Utshani obuncane buvame ukuhlaselwa isikhunta Ngoba ayikakhi isistimu yempande ejulile noma ukuzivikela kwemvelo. Izithombo kanye nembewu esanda kumila zidinga ukuchelela okukhethekile kanye nokulawula ukungena komoya, kanye nokugwema ukunyathelwa nokugunda ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kubalulekile ukugcina indawo ingenayo imfucumfucu futhi uqinisekise indawo elinganiselayo ukuze ithuthuke ngendlela efanele.

Indlela isikhunta esisakazeka ngayo otshanini

Isikhunta sizalana ngokuthi ezinhlamvu ezincane Lokhu kungasakazwa ngomoya, amanzi, amathuluzi, izicathulo, izilwane, noma imfucumfucu yezitshalo ezinegciwane. Uma sezimile otshanini, izinhlamvu ziqhuma ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo futhi zingene esitshalweni ngamanxeba noma izicubu ezincane. Izinhlobo eziningi zenza i-mycelia engaphansi komhlaba esakazeka ngokushesha, yakhe izindawo ezinkulu ezithintekile okunzima ukuziqeda.

Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuvimbela ukugwema ukubonakala kwesikhunta otshanini

para ukunciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka kwefungal otshanini, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa isethi yezinqubo eziqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amasu okuvimbela aphelele achazwe ngezansi:

Ukuphathwa kokunisela

• Gwema ama-puddlesLungisa ukuvama kanye nenani lokunisela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inhlabathi imunca kahle amanzi. Ukunisela okujulile kodwa okungajwayelekile kukhuthaza izimpande ezijulile futhi kunciphisa ubumanzi obuhlala isikhathi eside.
• Ukuchelela kusenesikhathiUkunisela ekuseni kakhulu kuvumela utshani ukuba bome ngaphambi kokuba kuhlwe, kunciphisa isikhathi sokuba manzi kwamaqabunga lapho isikhunta singamila.
• Gwema ukufafaza amaqabunga ngokuqondile: Faka izinhlelo zokunisela ezimanzisa isisekelo, hhayi amahlamvu.

Ukukhulelwa okulinganiselayo

• Ungafaki ngokweqile nge-nitrogenFaka umanyolo one-nitrogen kuphela ngamanani nangezikhathi ezibonisiwe. Initrogen eyeqile ikhiqiza amaqabunga athambile angenwa kalula yisikhunta. Ukuze uthole ukulawulwa okufanele kwezakhi, thintana nini futhi kanjani ukuvundisa utshani.
• Khulisa i-potassium ne-phosphorus: Lezi zakhi zithuthukisa ukuzivikela kwemvelo, ukumelana nokuba lukhuni kwamaqabunga.
• Sebenzisa umanyolo okhipha kancane: Ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zobungozi obukhulu, ukugwema iziqongo zokukhula ezithambile nezisengozini.

Ukugunda okulungile

• Gcina ubude obufanele: Ungabuki utshani obuphansi kakhulu (kunconywa u-3-4 cm kuye ngezinhlobo) ukuze ugweme ukwenza buthaka izitshalo.
• Susa imfucumfucu yokugunda: Qoqa udoti ngemva kokusika, ugweme ukunqwabelana okugcina umswakama futhi usebenze njengendawo yokugcina izinhlamvu.
• Amathuluzi okubulala amagciwane: Hlanza futhi ubulale amagciwane izindwani namathuluzi ngezikhathi ezithile, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuthola ukugula.

I-scarification, i-aeration kanye ne-drainage

• Sula utshani: Kuqukethe ukuhlunga kahle ukuze kuqedwe izinto eziphilayo ezinqwabelene noma ngotshani, ukuthuthukisa ukungena komoya nokunciphisa ukugcinwa komswakama.
• Faka umoya ngokubhoboza umhlabathi: Ukubhoboza inhlabathi ngama-spikes noma imishini ye-aerator kuvumela umoya-mpilo namanzi ukuthi ungene, okuthuthukisa izimpande ezinempilo nokukhululeka esikhungweni.
• Thuthukisa amanziUma umhlabathi unobumba noma ukwakheka kwama-puddles, ukufaka amasistimu okukhipha amanzi noma ukufaka izinto eziyisihlabathi kusiza ukuvikela umswakama oweqile isikhathi eside.

Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo ezimelana nokuvumelana nesimo sezulu

• Khetha izinhlobo ezihambisana nesimo sezulu sendawo kanye nomhlabathiUma utshani lwakho lugula ngokuphindaphindiwe, kungenzeka ukuthi aluhambisani nezimo zemvelo endaweni yangakini. Bheka izimbewu eziqinisekisiwe ezimelana nezifo, njenge i-raygrass engapheli noma i-fescue arundinacea.
• Gwema ukutshala utshani ezindaweni ezinomthunzi noma ezimanzi njalo, lapho ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ezifana nobulembu noma ikhava yaphansi, zingase zibe nemiphumela engcono.

Ukulawula ukufinyelela kanye nemikhuba yamasiko

• Gwema ukunyathela okungenasidingo, ikakhulukazi lapho utshani bumanzi, busanda kusinwa, noma izifo sezitholakele.
• Khipha amagciwane izicathulo namathuluzi ngaphambi nangemva kokungena ezindaweni ezithintekile.
• Gcina indawo ingenakhula elingasebenza njengechibi lezinhlamvu nama-vectors.
• Ukuthena izihlahla nezihlahlana ukuthuthukisa ukujikeleza komoya kanye nokungena kokukhanya kwemvelo otshanini.

Ukuhlonzwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokuxilongwa kwezifo zefungal

La ukuhlonza izimpawu zakuqala Kuwukhiye wokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha futhi unciphise umonakalo. Izimpawu ngokuvamile zingadideka nokushoda kokudla okunomsoco, ukugunda okungalungile, izinkinga zokunisela, noma ukulimala kwemishini. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela:

• Ukushintsha umbala kwamabala: Ophuzi, onsundu, obomvu noma ompunga.
• Ukuba khona kwe-mycelium, izintambo noma izindawo ze-gelatinous ebusweni.
• Izindawo ezinotshani obubunile noma lokho kunqanyulwa kalula ukubola kwezimpande.
• Ukukhula kwamakhowe emibuthanweni noma ehlakazekile, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwemvula.
• Amaphethini angajwayelekile noma amasongo otshani obufile noma eluhlaza kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezithintekile.

Uma unokungabaza mayelana nohlobo lwe-pathogen, kuhle ukuthi uxhumane nochwepheshe noma ilabhorethri ye-phytopathology ngesampula yotshani obuthintekile.

Ukuphathwa kwemvelo nokulawulwa kwebhayoloji kwesikhunta

Ukulawulwa kwebhayoloji nokuvimbela kuyisu elingcono kakhulu lesikhathi eside, ukuvikela impilo yendawo ezungezile nalabo abajabulela izindawo eziluhlaza. Izinqubo ezinconyiwe zihlanganisa:

• Beka kuqala imikhuba yamasiko neyokuvikela ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomphakathi ezisetshenziswa izingane, izilwane ezifuywayo noma umphakathi jikelele.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo enobungozi obuncane be-phytosanitary kanye nenani elincane elidingekayo, ngokulandela zonke izincomo zomthetho nezokuphepha.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwama-biological agents: Imikhiqizo esekelwe I-Trichoderma kanye namanye ama-microorganisms anenzuzo ancintisana noma avimbele isikhunta se-pathogenic emhlabathini, okusiza ukubuyisela ibhalansi yezinto eziphilayo.
• Ukuphatha ngokucophelela imfucumfucu yezitshalo: Musa umquba izinsalela ezihlaselwe isikhunta, ukugwema ukuhlakazeka kwabo.

Imikhuba emihle ekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo ye-phytosanitary

1. Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-fungicides nezibulala-zinambuzane ezimweni ezidingekayo kuphela kanye nemikhiqizo egunyaziwe.
2. Khetha imikhiqizo enomthelela ophansi kwemvelo nokuphikelela okuphansi.
3. Yenza ukwelashwa ngesikhathi samahora okungasebenzi kakhulu ukuze unciphise ubungozi kubantu nasezilwaneni.
4. Misa imisebenzi yezingadi ngesikhathi sokufaka isicelo futhi ulawule ukufinyelela endaweni ukuze uvimbele ukungenwa ushevu ngengozi.
5. Sebenzisa izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele futhi uthenge imikhiqizo ezindaweni ezigunyaziwe kuphela.
6. Lahla izinto ezipakishwayo kanye nemfucuza ngokwemithetho yendawo futhi ungalokothi uthele imfucuza ohlelweni lokudonsa amanzi.

Ukwelashwa Kokwelapha: Okufanele Ukwenze Uma Isikhunta Sivela Etshanini Bakho

Uma, naphezu kwezinyathelo zokuvimbela, isikhunta esibonakalayo noma izindawo ezilimele zikhula otshanini, isinyathelo esisheshayo nesiqondene nomuntu sibalulekile:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwendawo kwama-fungicides athileNgaso sonke isikhathi khetha imikhiqizo efanele ukhunta oyihlonze futhi ulandele ngokuqinile imithamo nezincomo zomenzi. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, thintana i-fosetyl-al.
• Ukuphindaphinda ukwelashwaEzimweni eziningi, isicelo sesibili ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-7-10 sibalulekile ukuze kuqedwe izinhlamvu ezisele.
• Yeka ukuchelela ngemva kokwelashwa isikhathi esikhonjiswe kulebula, ukukhuthaza ukungena nokusebenza ngempumelelo.
• Thuthukisa ukungena komoya futhi uqoqe imfucumfucu ethintekile ukuvimbela izifo ezintsha.
• Gwema ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo engagunyaziwe noma engabazekayo, futhi uthintane nochwepheshe uma unemibuzo.

Nini ukuphendukela ochwepheshe

Endabeni yokuhlaselwa okunzima noma okuqhubekayo, noma uma utshani busetshenziswa kakhulu (izingadi zomphakathi, izinkundla zemidlalo, izinkundla zesikole), usizo lochwepheshe be-phytosanitary lubalulekile. Lezi zingcweti zingakwazi:

• Yenza ukuhlaziywa kokuhlonza kwesikhunta esiyimbangela.
• Ncoma isibulala-sikhunta esifanele kanye nesilinganiso esithile.
• Gada isicelo esifanele kanye nezinyathelo ezihambisanayo, uqinisekise ukuphepha nokusebenza ngempumelelo.
• Lawula futhi ukhawulele ukufinyelela ezindaweni eziphathwayo ukuze ugweme izingozi kubasebenzisi nezilwane ezifuywayo.

Imithethonqubo kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezindaweni zomphakathi nezibucayi

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-fungicides kanye nemikhiqizo ye-phytosanitary ezindaweni ezifinyeleleka kumphakathi jikelele (amapaki, izingadi zomphakathi, izindawo zesikole, izinkundla zemidlalo) kulawulwa futhi kugadwe ngemithetho ethile yokuvikela impilo yabasebenzisi kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi bemvelo.

• Njalo wazise futhi ubonise ukwelashwa Uma usuqedile, vala izindawo futhi ugweme ukuzisebenzisa kuze kube yilapho umkhiqizo womile futhi isikhathi esibonisiwe sesidlulile.
• Beka kuqala imikhiqizo engcuphe encane, izindlela zebhayoloji, futhi unciphise inani elisetshenzisiwe.
• Hlonipha izikhawu zokuphinda ungene endaweni ehlanziwe kanye nezikhathi zomusa uma utshani busetshenziselwa ukudla kwezilwane noma izinjongo zezolimo.

Amaphutha ajwayelekile okufanele uwagweme

Ngaphandle kwezinhloso ezinhle, amaphutha athile ajwayelekile angakhuphula ubungozi botshani bakho kusikhunta:

• Ukuchelela okungajulile njalo okugcina umswakama ungashintshi engxenyeni engenhla yenhlabathi.
• Ukuvundiswa okungenakulinganisela noma ukufaka umanyolo we-nitrogen ngokweqile ngesikhathi sesifo sokukhunta.
• Ukugunda kufushane kakhulu noma ngezindwani ezibuthuntu, okubangela amanxeba nokwenza buthaka isitshalo.
• Ungawahlanzeki noma ungawabulali amagciwane ngemva kokuwasebenzisa ezindaweni ezinesifo.
• Ukwenza umquba izinqamu zotshani ezithintwe isikhunta esabalalisa izinhlamvu engadini.
• Hhayi ukubonisana nochwepheshe lapho izimpawu ziqhubeka ngemva kokwelashwa okujwayelekile.

Amathiphu ochwepheshe athuthukile okuvimbela nokululama

• Hlela ishejuli yesondlo kuye ngezimo zezulu, ukulindela izikhathi zobungozi obukhulu (intwasahlobo, ihlobo elinomswakama, ngemva kwezimvula ezinkulu).
• Gada umswakama wenhlabathi ngezinzwa noma shazi ukuze ulungise ukuchelela ngesikhathi sangempela.
• Hlwanyela izinhlobo zotshani ezixubile ukunciphisa amathuba okuba sengozini yesifo esisodwa. Ukuze ukhethe izinhlobo ezimelana kakhulu, thintana kanjani ukubeka utshani bemvelo.
• Sebenzisa izinto ezithuthukisa umhlabathi, njengomquba ovuthiwe, isihlabathi noma i-perlite, ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nesakhiwo ngaphandle kokukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo ezingaphezulu.
• Ikhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo ama-microorganisms anenzuzo, ukugwema ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamakhemikhali ashintsha ibhalansi ye-ecosystem.

Ukugcina isimiso sonyaka nezinqubo zokuvimbela ngokuya ngesizini kuyisiqinisekiso esingcono kakhulu sempumelelo:

• I-Primavera: Yenza i-aeration, i-scarification yokuqala, nokusebenzisa umanyolo olinganiselayo. Lungisa ukuchelela ngokuvumelana nemvula futhi ubeke phambili ukugunda okuvamile.
• Ehlobo: Gwema ukugcwala kwamanzi, nisele kakhulu futhi ngokungajwayelekile, gwema ukufaka umanyolo ngokweqile, susa imfucumfucu yokugunda, futhi uqaphele ukuqubuka kwezifo.
• Ikwindla: I-scarification yesibili kanye nokungenisa umoya, ukuncishiswa kancane kancane kokunisela, ukuvundiswa kwekwindla nge-potassium eyengeziwe, ukuqoqwa kwamaqabunga awile.
• Ubusika: Nciphisa ukugcwala otshanini, gwema ukuba manzi isikhathi eside, susa imfucumfucu yezitshalo, futhi uhlole izindawo ezinobulembu noma amanzi anqwabelene.

Ukuqapha njalo nokuvikela, okuhlanganisa imikhuba yamasiko ethembekile, yezinto eziphilayo, kanye namakhemikhali, kuzoqinisekisa utshani obunempilo, obuqinile, nobubuhle unyaka wonke. Futhi, ukuze ukwandise ukunakekelwa kotshani bakho, thintana nathi Umhlahlandlela wamasu namathiphu otshani obunempilo.

Ukubeka impilo yotshani njengento eza kuqala, ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuvimbela ezanele, ukuhlonza izimpawu zokuqala ngesikhathi nokwenza ngokwahlulela nangomthwalo wemfanelo, kuyisu elingcono kakhulu Jabulela ingubo yokulala eluhlaza, enempilo, nengenaso ukhunta kunoma iyiphi indawo eluhlaza, kokubili okufuywayo nesesidlangalaleni.