i-oki kakhokho (I-Quercus suber) singesinye sezihlahla ezifanekisela kakhulu zehlathi laseMedithera, esibonakala ngobude baso obumangalisayo, ubude baso besikhathi, amagxolo akhiqiza ukhokho kanye nesithelo saso: i-acorn. Uma uke wazibuza Isiphi isithelo esikhiqizwa i-cork oak, ukuthi injani, izici zayo, umehluko wayo nezinye izinhlobo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene okungaba nakhoLapha uzothola umhlahlandlela ophelele futhi onemininingwane. Uzothola ukubaluleka kwayo kwezemvelo, amasiko, kanye nezomnotho, futhi ufunde ukuyihlukanisa ne-holm oak nezinye izihlahla ezikhiqiza i-acorn.
Isithelo sikakhokho sithela siphi isithelo?
Isithelo esinikezwa yi-cork oak yi umuthi, isithelo esomisiwe esinembewu ngaphakathi futhi sibe nsundu uma sesivuthiwe. Ingenye yemithombo yemvelo emele kakhulu yaseMedithera, hhayi nje ngokubaluleka kwayo kwezemvelo kodwa futhi nangendima yayo ebalulekile emvelweni. ukuphakelwa kwezilwane zendawo nasekukhiqizeni imfuyo, ikakhulukazi ingulube yase-Iberia.
I-oki kakhokho kanye ne-holm oak kukhona izinhlobo ezihlobene yohlobo I-Quercus, ngakho-ke bobabili bakhiqiza ama-acorn, nakuba banomehluko obalulekile ezithelweni zabo, ukunambitheka kanye nokusebenziseka. I-oki kakhokho i-acorn ngokuvamile okubabayo futhi kuncane ngosayizi kunaleyo ye-holm oak, ethinta kokubili isiphetho sayo kanye nenani layo lokudla okunempilo ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane.
Izici, izingxenye kanye ne-morphology ye-cork oak acorn
I-acorn inesakhiwo esibonakala kalula esabelana nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo I-Quercus, nakuba inezici ezihlukile:
- I-Dome noma i-cap: Kuyisigqoko esimahhadlahhadla, esimboze kancane isithelo ekugcineni kwaso futhi indawo yokunamathela egatsheni. Ivamise ukuba nokuthungwa okuyisici kakhulu, ngezikali ezibonakalayo nokubukeka okuqinile.
- Nati: Yingxenye edliwayo (okungenani eyezilwane) ye-acorn. Iqukethe imbewu ezovumela ukuzala kabusha kwezihlahla ze-oki zikakhokho. Ubude bayo buvamise ukuhluka phakathi kuka-2 no-3,5 cm, nobubanzi obuncane kunobu-holm oak acorn.
- Ukucwaswa: Iyindawo ephambene nedome, ekhombe kakhulu, enesibopho sokuvikela imbewu nokwenza kube nzima ukufinyelela ezilwaneni ezithile ezincane.
Umbala we-acorn kakhokho, lapho usuvuthiwe, ngokuvamile uba nsundu ngokumnyama, nakuba ungahluka kancane kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo, isimo sezulu, nomhlabathi lapho isihlahla sikhula khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idome ngokuvamile lihlanganisa ingxenye yesithathu yesithelo, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, lapho lingamboza khona isithelo esiningi noma esingaphansi.
Indlela yokuhlukanisa i-acorn ye-oki kakhokho kuleyo ye-holm oak?
Khomba kahle i-acorn ye-oki kakhokho Ibalulekile kubo bobabili abakhiqizi nabazithandayo. Nansi umehluko omkhulu:
- Usayizi: I-acorn ye-oki kakhokho incane futhi yinde kunaleyo ye-holm oak, evame ukuba nkulu ngobubanzi futhi iyindilinga kancane.
- Ukudla: I-Cork oak acorns inokunambitheka okune-acidic kakhulu futhi okubabayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nokunambitheka okumnandi kwe-holm oak (uma isivuthiwe).
- I-Dome: Esihlahleni se-oki sikakhokho, idome livala i-acorn encane, linezikali ezigqame kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile lihlukaniswa kakhulu nesithelo.
- Ukuminyana kwe-tannin: I-Cork oak acorns iqukethe inani eliphakeme lama-tannins, okwenza anganambiki noma abe yingozi ekusetshenzisweni komuntu ngqo.
- Isikhathi sokuvuthwa: I-Cork oak acorns ivamise ukuvuthwa phakathi kukaSepthemba noJanuwari, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo nezimo zezulu, kuyilapho i-holm oak acorns ingavunwa kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya ku-March.
Lo mehluko awuthinti nje kuphela ukukhonjwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane, kodwa futhi ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kohlobo ngalunye lwe-acorn.
Izinhlobonhlobo, ukukhiqizwa kanye nekhwalithi ye-cork oak acorns
I-oki kakhokho ikhiqiza ama-acorns ngemva kokufinyelela ekuvuthweni, okungasho phakathi Iminyaka eyi-15 nengama-25 selokhu yatshalaUkukhiqizwa kwezithelo kwaminyaka yonke kuyehluka kakhulu kuye ngesihlahla, isimo sezulu, inhlabathi kanye neminyaka.
Phakathi nomjikelezo wokuzala we-cork oak, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-acorn kuye ngokuthi isikhathi sokuvuthwa:
- Amakhiwane, ama-Migueleñas noma amakhiwane okuqala: Ziqoqwa ezinyangeni zokuqala zasekwindla, ngokuvamile kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya maphakathi no-Okthoba. Lawa ma-acorn ngokuvamile awokuqala ukuwa futhi abaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwemfuyo.
- I-Martinencas noma izandla zesibili: Zivuthwa kamuva, phakathi kuka-Okthoba noNovemba, njengoba zisezingeni eliphakathi futhi zakha ingxenye enkulu yomkhiqizo.
- Palomeras noma sekwephuzile: Bangabokugcina ukubonakala, kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuNhlolanja. Umsoco wabo ubalulekile ebusika obomile noma obubandayo.
Ukushintshashintsha ekukhiqizeni (iminyaka yokuvunwa okuningi okulandelwa iminyaka yokukhiqiza okuphansi) kuphendula into eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-"vecería" noma "alternating vecería", isici se- izinhlobo zezihlahla zomdabu zaseSpain.
Ukwakheka kanye nenani lokudla okunomsoco kwe-acorn kakhokho
Ama-cork oak acorns anothe kakhulu ngemisoco, nakuba okuqukethwe kwawo kwe-tannin ephezulu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngokuqondile ngabantu. Aqukethe:
- ama-carbohydrate ukumuncwa kancane
- amaprotheni i-origen yemifino
- Ácidos grasos insaturados, ikakhulukazi i-oleic acid
- Amavithamini eqembu B, E no-K
- Amaminerali (i-potassium, i-magnesium, i-phosphorus, i-calcium)
- Ama-tannins nama-phenolic compounds (ibhekele ukunambitheka okubabayo kanye nemiphumela ye-antioxidant)
Ezilwaneni zasendle kanye nemfuyo, ikakhulukazi ingulube yase-Iberia, i-acorn iwumthombo oyisisekelo wamandla ekwindla nasebusika. Ukunambitheka kwesici se-acorn i-acorn-feed yase-Iberian ham Ihlobene ngokuqondile nokudla kwalezi zilwane ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-acorns, kuhlanganise nalawo avela ku-oki kakhokho.
Ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko nesimanje kwe-cork oak acorn
- Ukudla kwezilwane: Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-cork oak acorn kungokwakho ukudla izilwane zasendle (izinyamazane, izingulube zasendle, izinyoni, njll.) kanye nemfuyo eningi, ikakhulukazi ingulube yase-Iberia emadlelweni. Inani layo eliphezulu lokudla okunomsoco kanye nokuchichima emahlathini aseMedithera kuyenza ibe insiza ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zendabuko ze-agroforestry.
- Ukusakazeka nokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi: Ama-acorns ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njenge imbewu ukuze kuphinde kugcwale izindawo ezonakele nokubuyisela amahlathi e-oki kakhokho.
- Ukusetshenziswa komuntu: Nakuba ama-acorns kakhokho engenakudliwa eluhlaza ngenxa yokubaba kwawo kanye nobuthi obuhlobene nabantu, ama-tannins angaqedwa kancane ngemva kokwelashwa okuthile (ukuwashwa, ukuwoswa, noma ukuvutshelwa). Funda indlela yokunakekela ibhonsai ye-oki kakhokho esigabeni sayo sokululama kanye nokujwayela ukusetshenziswa kokuhlobisa.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni nezimonyo: Ama-extracts e-acorn asetshenziswa ku-cosmetics nakwezokwelapha zemvelo ngokucebile kuma-astringent, antioxidant kanye ne-anti-inflammatory compounds.
Ukhokho: esinye isithelo esingavamile se-oki kakhokho
Ukhokho, nakuba ngokobuchwepheshe ungesona isithelo, iyona Umkhiqizo owaziwa kakhulu we-oki kakhokho, kanye ne-acornKuwuqweqwe oluwugqinsi, olunwebekayo futhi oluvikelayo ezikhishwe ngezikhathi ezithile (kusukela eminyakeni eyi-9 kuye kweyi-14 kuye ngendawo nesimo sezulu) ngaphandle kokulimaza isihlahla.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kukakhokho yilezi:
- Izivalo zamabhodlela ewayini (okuningi okukhiqizwa emhlabeni)
- I-thermal kanye ne-acoustic insulation material esakhiweni
- Izembozo zaphansi nezindonga
- Izingxenye ezimbonini ze-aerospace nezimboni zezimoto
- Imisebenzi yezandla, izicathulo, izikhwama kanye nomhlobiso
Inqubo yokukhipha noma ukuqaqa Isebenza ngesandla ngokuphelele futhi idinga ikhono lokugwema ukulimaza "umama" kakhokho (ungqimba oluphilayo lwesiqu). Ngemva kokukhandwa ngakunye, i-oki kakhokho ivuselela amagxolo awo, okwenza lokhu kuvuna kube umsebenzi oqhubekayo novuselelekayo.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo, imvelo kanye namasiko we-oki kakhokho
Ngaphandle kwezithelo zawo, i-oki kakhokho idlala indima ethile indima ebalulekile ku-ecosystem yaseMedithera:
- Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo: Amahlathi e-oki kakhokho ayikhaya lezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane nezitshalo, okuhlanganisa izinyoni ezifudukayo, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinambuzane, nesikhunta, eziningi zazo ezisengozini noma ezitholakala kalula.
- Ukuvimbela ukuguguleka: Izimpande zawo ezijulile zinzinzisa inhlabathi, zivimbela ukuwohloka kwawo, ikakhulukazi emithambekeni nasemagqumeni.
- Umthetho wamanzi: Ikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwamanzi emhlabathini futhi isiza ukugcina ama-aquifer angaphezulu.
- Indima yezwe namasiko: I-oki kakhokho ixhumene kakhulu nesiko elidumile, i-gastronomy, kanye nomnotho wezifunda ezifana ne-Andalusia, Extremadura, Catalonia, nePortugal.
Ku-dehesas, indawo yendabuko yase-Iberia, i-oki kakhokho ihlangana nokulima okubanzi kwemfuyo kanye nezolimo, ekhiqiza izindawo eziyigugu nezisimeme.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-cork oak ne-holm oak kuzo zonke izici zayo
- I-Cortex: I-oki kakhokho obukhulu, obumangelengele futhi buyisipontshi, isuswe kalula ukuze kutholwe ukhokho. I-holm oak inegxolo elincanyana, eliqinile, elimnyama.
- Iqabunga: Amaqabunga e-cork oak ahlala eluhlaza, aluhlaza okumnyama endaweni engaphezulu futhi alula kancane ngaphansi, embozwe izinwele ezincane. Ama-oki e-Holm anamaqabunga amancane, anesikhumba esithe xaxa anemiphetho ebukhali, ikakhulukazi kuma-specimens amancane.
- Indawo yokuhlala nomhlabathi: I-oki kakhokho ikhetha i-siliceous, inhlabathi enesihlabathi kanye ne-acidic kancane, kanye nezimo zezulu ezipholile ezinezinga elithile lomswakama. I-holm oak iphinde ibekezelele inhlabathi ene-calcareous kanye nezindawo ezomile, zezwekazi.
- Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko: I-oki kakhokho isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukhokho kanye nama-acorns, kanti i-holm oak isetshenziselwa izinkuni zokubasa, amalahle, nama-acorns emfuyo kanye nokusetshenziswa abantu ngezikhathi ezithile.
- Isithelo: Njengoba sesibonile, i-acorn ye-oki kakhokho ibaba kakhulu futhi incane, kuyilapho i-holm oak imnandi, inkulu futhi ilungele ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane nabantu (ngemuva kokwelashwa).
Ukunakekelwa kwe-oki kakhokho ukuze kukhiqizwe kakhulu
- Indawo: Njalo ngaphandle, okungcono ilanga eligcwele kanye nesikhala esanele sokukhula kwe-canopy nezimpande.
- Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu saseMedithera esimaphakathi, simelana nokushisa kanye nesomiso esithile kodwa sizwela isithwathwa eside.
- Phansi: Inothile nge-organic matter, ichithekile kahle, futhi ine-acidic kancane (pH 4,8 kuya ku-7). Gwema inhlabathi ehlangene noma ene-lime.
- Ukunisela: Kudinga ukuchelela ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela ngeminyaka yokuqala noma ngezikhathi zesomiso esinamandla.
- Ukuthena: Sika amagatsha afile, anesifo, noma amagatsha avimbela ukukhula kwe-canopy. Lokhu akudingi ukuthenwa okujulile.
- Ukuphindaphindeka: Ikakhulukazi ngembewu (i-acorn), okufanele itshalwe ekwindla-ebusika. Imila kahle kakhulu uma igcinwe ibanda izinsuku ezimbalwa.
- Obhalisile: Umhlabathi onokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukusebenzisa umanyolo okhanyayo we-organic entwasahlobo kungakhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo ezincane.
I-oki kakhokho idinga ukungenelela okuncane Uma usumisiwe, uyisihlahla esiqinile, esinganakekeli kahle. Kubalulekile ukubekezela, njengoba ukukhula kwayo kuhamba kancane kodwa kuzinzile.
Izinambuzane eziyinhloko nezifo ze-oki kakhokho
- "Isomiso" se-cork oak: Isifo esingathinta kabi izibonelo ngenxa yesikhunta namagciwane abangela ukubola nokufa kwamagatsha noma isihlahla.
- Ukubola kwezimpande: Ibangelwa I-Phytophthora, izibonakalisa njengamaqabunga aphuzi nokufa okuqhubekayo.
- Ama-cankers emagatsheni: Izilonda ezibangelwa isikhunta noma amabhaktheriya, ahambisana nokuthenwa noma ukuhlubula ukhokho.
- Inyoka kakhokho: Isinambuzane (Coraebus undatus) okulimaza i-trunk phellogen, ukunciphisa izinga likakhokho kanye nempilo yesihlahla.
Ukuvimbela, ukuthena/ukuphatha ngendlela efanele, kanye nokuqapha izimpawu kubalulekile ekugcineni impilo yamahlathi e-oki kakhokho.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nolwazi oluyingqayizivele mayelana ne-oki kakhokho nesithelo sawo
- Isikhathi eside: Ingaphila iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200, futhi kunezibonelo ezisondele eminyakeni engu-500 ubudala.
- Ukhokho uyaziphilisa: Ukuwususa akulimazi isihlahla futhi ungqimba olusha lukhiqizwa ngomjikelezo ngamunye wokukhipha ukhokho.
- Ihlathi le-oki elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni: Itholakala eLa Mamora (Morocco), kodwa iNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia inendawo enkulu kunazo zonke yehlathi likakhokho we-oki eYurophu, kanti iPortugal ne-Andalusia ihamba phambili.
- Ukubaluleka kwezilwane zasendle: Ama-acorns asekela izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni nezinambuzane ezibalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla lwaseMedithera.
- Ukhokho emlandweni: Isetshenziswa abaseFenike namaRoma ukwenza izinto, ama-buoy neziqukathi ngaphambi kokuthi isetshenziswe ezivimbayo zesimanje.
Ngakho-ke i-oki kakhokho, Ingaphezulu kakhulu kwesihlahla sikakhokho: Ama-acorns, amagxolo, amaqabunga nezinkuni zayo zifaka isandla, kanye nezinqubo zendabuko zokuphatha, engcebweni yemvelo namasiko yamazwe aseMedithera.
