Impilo ye-Seedbed iyisici esibalulekile kunoma yimuphi u-horticulturist, njengoba ithinta ngokuqondile ukukhiqiza nempumelelo yokutshala esikhathini esizayo. Ukuphatha kahle umbhede wembewu kuye kwavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: ngenkathi ukuhlwanyela ngokuqondile kanye nokufakelwa kabusha kwezitshalo ezifana notamatisi, upelepele, amakhabe, nezucchini kwakuyinto evamile, ukwethulwa kwe-horticulture evikelekile kanye nezindawo zokuhlwanyela ezichwepheshile kuye kwakhuthaza. ukulawula impilo okukhulu kanye nokuncipha kwezinkinga ezivela ezifweni zomhlabathi.
Ukubaluleka kwezempilo emibhedeni yezimbewu
Ngesikhathi ukuhluma kanye nezigaba zokuqala zokukhula, izithombo zisengozini ikakhulukazi yamagciwane. Lokhu kubangelwa kokubili ama-exudates akhululwa ngesikhathi sokuhluma, okwenza kube lula ukuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane enhlabathi, kanye nokumelana okuphansi kwezicubu ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuminyana nendawo ezungezile yezimbewu kuthanda ukusakazeka ngokushesha kwezifo. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okujulile kwezinqubo ezihamba phambili, sicela ubheke isihloko sethu esithi indlela yokwenza imibhede yembewu.
Imithombo eyinhloko ye-inoculum Embhedeni wembewu angaba:
- Ama-substrates angcolile noma angenawo amagciwane
- Iziqukathi eziphinde zasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuhlanza kahle
- Amathuluzi nezakhiwo ngaphandle kokubulala amagciwane
- Tshala imfucumfucu nokhula
- Amanzi okunisela angcolile
Izifo ezivame kakhulu emibhedeni yezimbewu
I-Las izifo ezivame kakhulu emibhedeni yezimbewu Zihlukaniswa ngokuya ngemvelaphi yazo yesikhunta, ibhaktheriya, noma igciwane. Eziyinkinga kakhulu kanye nezimpawu zazo zichazwe ngezansi:
izifo fungal
Amakhowa yiwo amagciwane amakhulu emibhedeni yezimbewu. Ezinye eziphawuleka kakhulu:
- I-Pythium spp: Kubangela ukuklinywa kwe-hypocotyl, izithombo eziwile ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbala oluhlaza kanye nokubola okuthambile ezimpandeni nasentanyeni.
- I-Rhizoctonia solani: Idala amaqhuqhuva abomvu-nsundu entanyeni, ithonsi lezithombo kanye nokubola okusabalele empandeni enkulu.
- I-Phytophthora spp: Idala ukubola okunsundu ezimpandeni nasentanyeni, kwenze isithombo sibe buthaka.
- I-Fusarium oxysporum: Ibangela imivimbo ye-necrotic, amaqabunga abe phuzi, abune futhi apinki abe isikhunta esiwolintshi eziqwini.
- Alternaria solani: Inesibopho sokumanzisa noma ukuminza kwesiqu.
Lezi zifo zithandwa yi umswakama ophezulu, ama-substrates ahlanganisiwe namazinga okushisa aphansiKubalulekile ukuqapha izimo zemvelo futhi ulawule ukuchelela ngendlela efanele ukuze uvimbele ukwanda kwalezi sikhunta. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe lokulawula lezi zinambuzane, ungavakashela isihloko sethu ku izifo ze-eucalyptus ezibomvu.
Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye namagciwane
Phakathi kwezingajwayelekile kodwa ezilimaza kakhulu yilezi:
- I-Xanthomonas campestris pv. i-vesicatoria: Ibangela indawo yebhaktheriya ezimeni ezipholile, avele njengamachashaza amakhulu emaqabunga neziqu.
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. utamatisi: Ithinta kakhulu isimo sezulu esibandayo futhi ingasakazeka ezithelweni ngesikhathi sesigaba sokukhiqiza.
- I-Clavibacter michiganensis: I-ejenti eyimbangela yomdlavuza webhaktheriya, ikakhulukazi obucayi nakuba kunezimo eziphansi.
- Amagciwane athwala imbewu: Njengegciwane le-mosaic emathangeni kanye nekhabe, elingadala umonakalo omkhulu emibhedeni yezimbewu.
Amagciwane namagciwane kunzima ukuqeda, ngakho ukuvimbela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwembewu eqinisekisiwe noma ukwenza ukuhlaziya ngaphambi kokutshala kuyizinqubo ezinconyiwe.
Izimpawu nokuxilongwa kwezifo emibhedeni yezimbewu
Ukuhlonza okulungile kwe- i-ejenti eyimbangela Ukuhlukanisa i-pathogen nokuhlaziya izimpawu kubalulekile ekukhetheni ukwelashwa okufanele. Ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe esigabeni sethu ku imibhede yezimbewu.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela kanye nokuphathwa kwezifo
La ukuvimbela Kuyisu elisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nezifo eziyinhloko ze-seedbed:
- Ukusetshenziswa kwama-substrates aqinisekisiwe kanye nembewu, engenawo amagciwane
- Ukubulala amagciwane okuqinile kwamathileyi, amathuluzi nezinsiza (amanzi ashisayo, i-hypochlorite, umusi, njll.)
- Ukuphatha kahle ukuchelela: gwema ukugcwala kwamanzi, gcina umswakama owanele ngaphandle kokweqisa, okungcono amanzi ekuseni.
- Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo kanye nokususwa kwezinsalela zezitshalo ukunqamula imijikelezo ye-pathogen
- Gwema ukuthintana ngqo namahlamvu nomhlabathi futhi uhlele izithombo ngesikhala esanele sokuthuthukisa ukugeleza komoya.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwe izinhlobo kanye nama-fungicides we-biological, njenge-Trichoderma, ukunciphisa izehlakalo zezifo zokukhunta
- Yehlisa ukuvundisa ngokweqile, ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen
- Ukulawula ukhula nezinye izinhlobo eduze nezindawo zembewu
Uma ukhomba imithombo yokutheleleka, kubalulekile ukususa izitshalo ezithintekile kanye nezinto ezisele embedeni yembewu. Ukuze uvimbele ezinye izifo, bheka futhi isihloko sethu ukutshala imifino emibhedeni yembewu.
Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha nokulawula
Lapho kukhona izifo, kunconywa:
- Izicelo zokuvimbela ama-fungicides agunyaziwe, njalo ngaphansi kweseluleko sobuchwepheshe
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zomzimba (i-solarization, ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-substrate, ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo)
- Sesha izindlela ezididiyelwe, uhlanganise izinyathelo zebhayoloji, ngokomzimba namakhemikhali lapho kunesidingo
Ezinkingeni ezithile, ukwelapha okuphilayo njengokucwilisa imbewu emanzini ku-50°C imizuzu engu-30 nokucekela phansi izinsalela ezigulayo ngokuzigqiba noma ngokuzishisa kusebenza kahle kakhulu.
Izinyathelo eziqinile zokuhlanzeka, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, nolwazi olusha lwamagciwane asafufusa kuholela ezitshalweni ezinempilo, eziqinile. Ngokuphathwa kokuvimbela kanye nezinqubo zamasiko ezifanele, imibhede yembewu ingaba isiqalo sezitshalo ezikhiqizayo nezinempilo kunoma yimuphi uchwepheshe we-horticulturist.