Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wezihlahla Zomdabu ZaseSpain: Izinhlobo, Izimpawu, Nezibonelo

Isingeniso ezihlahleni zomdabu zaseSpain

ISpain inokuhlukahluka okumangazayo izihlahla zomdabu ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwendawo yayo, isimo sezulu, nengcebo enkulu yemvelo yale nhlonhlo neziqhingi. Lezi zihlahla ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye- Indawo yemvelo yaseSpainBanikela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi banikeza izinsiza ezibalulekile zemvelo, ezenhlalo, nezomnotho. Izihlahla zomdabu zivumelana ngokuphelele nezimo zensimu yaseSpain, futhi ulwazi lwazo lubalulekile ekulondolozweni kwemvelo, ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo eziluhlaza zasemadolobheni nezasemaphandleni.

Kulesi sihloko esibanzi uzothola ukuhlukaniswa, incazelo, izici, izindawo zokuhlala kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe izihlahla zomdabu zaseSpainSizohlanganisa lonke ulwazi olubalulekile oluvela ezinsizeni ezivelele kakhulu nemihlahlandlela yereferensi, sichaze uhlobo ngalunye ngokuningiliziwe futhi sinikeze umbono wakamuva, ofundisayo, kanye noqinile.

Yini ethathwa njengesihlahla somdabu

Un isihlahla somdabu nguyena kungokwakho ngokwemvelo esifundeni noma endaweni, okusho ukuthi iguqukile futhi yasabalala kuyo yonke indawo ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu okuqondile. Izinhlobo zomdabu ziyingxenye yebhalansi yemvelo ye-ecosystem ngayinye, ezidala ubudlelwano nezilwane zendawo, inhlabathi, nesimo sezulu.

• I-Endemic: Atholakala ngokwemvelo kuphela endaweni ethile, njenge-Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo e-Andalusia).
• Abomdabu: ikhona ngokwemvelo ezifundeni ezimbalwa, ngaphandle kokukhethela esisodwa.

Izihlahla eyenziwe ngokwemvelo o yethulwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yilabo abaye bafika endaweni ngokwenza komuntu, ngamabomu noma ngephutha, futhi bakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ababhekwa njengendabuko nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi sekungamakhulu eminyaka bekhona.

Ukubaluleka kwemvelo namasiko kwezihlahla zomdabu

Izihlahla zomdabu zenza imisebenzi ebalulekile, njenge ukulawulwa kwamanzi, ukuvikela ukuguguleka, ukuthunjwa kwe-carbon, indawo yokuhlala nokudla izilwane zasendle zendawo, kanye ukulondolozwa kwenhlabathiNgaphezu kwalokho, anenani elikhulu lamasiko, njengoba abaningi behambisana nabantu nempucuko, benza ingxenye yobunikazi besifunda namasiko athandwayo.

• Bakha izindawo zokuhlala ngezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinambuzane kanye nezitshalo ezihambisana nazo.
• Balawula i-microclimate kanye nomjikelezo wamanzi.
• Vikela umhlabathi ngokumelene nogwadule kanye nokuguguleka.
• Izinsiza zehlathi ngokwesiko: izinkuni, izithelo, izinhlaka, ukhokho, imithi noma umthunzi wokufuya kakhulu.
• Isici esibalulekile sezwe kanye nezokuvakasha zasemaphandleni.

Izifunda eziyinhloko ze-Biogeographic zaseSpain nezihlahla zazo

Izimila zezihlahla zomdabu zaseSpain zisatshalaliswa ngokuya ngesimo sezulu kanye nesimo sendawo yesifunda ngasinye. Bangu izizinda ezintathu ezinkulu ze-biogeographic:

• Isizinda se-Atlantic (Enyakatho yenhlonhlo): ebonakala ngokuna kwemvula eningi namazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo, sithola i-oki, i-beech, i-birch, i-chestnut namahlathi axubile.
• Isizinda saseMedithera (Eziqhingini ezimaphakathi, ezisempumalanga, eziseningizimu ye-peninsular kanye ne-Balearic): isimo sezulu esomile, ihlobo elifudumele, ubusika obupholile. Amahlathi e-Holm oak, amahlathi e-oki kakhokho, amahlathi e-oki, amahlathi kaphayini, amahlathi omjunipha, kanye ne-scrubland kugcwele.
• Isizinda seMacaronesian Subtropical (IziQhingi zaseCanary): amazinga okushisa aphansi, umehluko wokuphakama kokuphakama, izinhlobo ezikhona njengeCanary Island pine nehlathi le-laurel.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezihlahla zomdabu zaseSpain

Ngezansi kukhona uhlu oluphelele lwe Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezihlahla zomdabu eSpain, ehlelwe yi-genus kanye nomndeni we-botanical, enezincazelo ezimfushane nolwazi mayelana nezindawo zabo nezici. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi kungaba khona ukuhlukahluka kwendawo kanye nezinhlobo ezincane ivumelane ne-microclimate ethile.

1. Holm oki kanye oki

• Holm oki (I-Quercus ilex): Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esitholakala edlelweni nasehlathini laseMedithera. Inamaqabunga esikhumba nezithelo ezifana ne-acorn. Iyakwazi ukumelana nesomiso nokuthenwa. Isihlahla sesizwe, uphawu lwendawo yase-Iberia.
• Ukhokho oki (I-Quercus suber): Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza, amagxolo aso akhiqiza ukhokho. Itholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, ibalulekile emnothweni wasemaphandleni.
• Oki (I-Quercus faginea): Isihlahla esifana ne-oki esinamagatsha anamaqabunga angashoni. Okujwayelekile ezindaweni zoguquko ze-Atlantic-Medithera.
• Robles (
  • I-Quercus robur: I-oki evamile noma i-carballo, ejwayelekile enyakatho naseGalicia.
  • I-Quercus pyrenaica: I-Melojo noma i-rebollo, izindawo ezimaphakathi nentshonalanga.
  • I-Quercus petraea: I-Sessile oak, ejwayelekile ezindaweni ezisezintabeni.
  • I-Quercus canariensis: I-oki yase-Andalusian noma i-Andalusian gall oak, eningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga.
  • I-Quercus pubescens: I-Downy oak, enyakatho-mpumalanga nasePyrenees.

  )

• I-Kermes oak noma i-holm oak (I-Quercus coccifera): Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esinameva noma isihlahla esincane, esivame ezindaweni ezihlahleni zaseMedithera.

2. Iphayini namanye amaconifers

• uphayini wamatshe (I-Pinus pinea): Umqhele omise okweParasol, amantongomane kaphayini adliwayo. Ihlala ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi, inhlabathi e-siliceous, nezindunduma enkabeni/eningizimu/empumalanga. Ukuze uthole incazelo ephelele, bheka umhlahlandlela wethu ku izinhlobo zezihlahla ezimelana nesomiso.
• Iphayini le-Aleppo (I-Pinus halepensis): Okujwayelekile kwezimo zezulu ezomile, umqhele wayo awujwayelekile, uyaguquguquka futhi uyisihluthulelo sokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi eMedithera.
• Iphayini yaseScots (UPinus sylvestris): Ngezinaliti ezimfushane eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amagxolo abomvu, ajwayelekile ezintabeni nasezindaweni ezinomswakama enyakatho.
• Uphayini omnyama noma wamaMoor (UPinus uncinata): Izinhlobo zezintaba eziphakeme, ikakhulukazi ePyrenees.
• I-Resinous noma i-maritime pine (Isikhombi sePinus): Kuyaphawuleka eGalicia, entshonalanga naseMedithera scrubland.
• Uphayini omnyama (I-Pinus nigra): Phinda ulandele iziqephu ezinqenqemeni zezintaba ezisempumalanga nezimaphakathi.
• Iphayini leCanary (I-Pinus canariensis): Izinhlobo ezitholakala eziqhingini zaseCanary, igqama ngekhono layo lokumelana nomlilo futhi ikhule kabusha esiphunzini.
• Isiphetho esimhlophe (U-Abies alba): Itholakala ePyrenees nasezindaweni ezinomswakama wezintaba, umqhele we-pyramidal namaqabunga afana nenaliti.
• i-fir (abies pinsapo): Isibonakaliso sezintaba zase-Andalusian, ezitholakala eMalaga naseCadiz.
• Yebo (I-Taxus baccata): I-conifer ehlala isikhathi eside ngokuvamile ehlakazekile emahlathini anomswakama, yaziswa kakhulu ngokhuni lwawo nokubaluleka kwemvelo.
• savin albar (UJuniperus thurifera): Isihlahla esiphila isikhathi eside, esikhula kancane, esivamile ezindaweni ezibandayo ze-moorlands esifundeni esisenyakatho-maphakathi.
• Umjunipha omnyama (UJuniperus phoenicea): Isihlahla esiqinile noma isihlahla esincane sezindawo ezomile nezinesihlabathi ogwini lwaseMedithera naseCanary Islands.
• Umjunipha ojwayelekile (IJuniperus communis): Isihlahlana noma isihlahla esincane esisabalele kuyo yonke iNhlonhlo, sibekezelela ukomisa nokubanda.
• Ijunipha ye-miera (I-Juniperus oxycedrus): Izihlahlana, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nezindawo ezinamatshe.

3. Amahlathi e-Beech nama-birch

• I-beech evamile (I-Fagus sylvatica): Isihlahla esivuthulukayo, isiqu esimpunga ngokukhanyayo nomqhele obanzi, umlingiswa oyinhloko enyakatho enomswakama nezintaba.
• i-birch evamile (i-betula pendula): Amagxolo amhlophe, amagatsha ashona phansi, avamile ezintabeni zaseCantabrian nasePyrenees. Ukubekezelela amakhaza.
• I-Downy birch (I-Betula pubescence): Amaqabunga afanayo, afiphele kanye namagatsha, adinga umswakama oqhubekayo.

4. Izihlahla zomlotha nezinye izihlahla ezingasogwini

• Umlotha ovamile (I-Fraxinus excelsior): Isihlahla esikhulu esivuthulukayo esinamaqabunga ahlanganisiwe, avamile ogwini oluswakeme nenhlabathi ejulile.
• Umlotha onamaqabunga amancane (I-Fraxinus angustifolia): Ikwazi ukumelana nesomiso kunangaphambili, evame ezigodini nasemathafeni aseMedithera.
• Imbali yomlotha (I-Fraxinus ornus): Isihlahla esincane esingasogwini lomfula, esibonakala ezindaweni ezisezintabeni ezinomswakama.
• I-alder evamile (I-Alnus glutinosa): Isihlahla esibalulekile emahlathini asogwini, amagxolo amnyama namaqabunga anamathelayo.
• Imisipha (
  • I-Salix alba: Umzala omhlophe.
  • I-Salix fragilis: Umkhovu.
  • I-Salix caprea: Umzane wembuzi.
  • I-salix atrocinerea: Ashy willow.

  ) Zonke zibalulekile osebeni lomfula kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

5. Izingodo eziqinile zaseMedithera nase-Atlantic

• Chestnut (I-Castanea sativa): Isihlahla esikhulu, esikhiqiza izithelo (ama-chestnut), siyisihluthulelo enyakatho enomswakama naseningizimu-ntshonalanga.
• Olmo (Ulmus omncane, I-Ulmus glabra, ulmus laevis): Kwendabuko emikhondweni yemfuyo nasezindaweni zasemakhaya. Njengamanje esongelwa yi-Dutch elm disease, hlola isihloko sethu ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe. izihlahla ezimelana nesomiso.
• Holly (Ilex aquifolium): Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza noma isihlahlana, esinamajikijolo abomvu, ahlotshaniswa namahlathi apholile, anomthunzi enyakatho.
• Arbutus (I-Arbutus unedo): Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza/isihlahla esincane, esibonakala kakhulu ehlathini laseMedithera, izithelo ezidliwayo ezibomvu.
• UHackberry (ICeltis australis): Isihlahla esinosayizi omaphakathi, esimelana nesomiso esinamagxolo abushelelezi, ampunga nezithelo eziyindilinga. Itholakala emabhange omile kanye nemihosha empumalanga naseningizimu.
• I-hornbeam emhlophe (UCarpinus betulus): Isihlahla esivuthulukayo esinomumo oyiconical, esitholakala kabanzi e-Navarre.
• Isihlahla somnqumo sasendle (Olea Europe var. sylvestris): Izinhlobo zomdabu zezinhlelo zezihlahla zeminqumo, ezibalulekile ezindaweni zaseMedithera.
• Arbutus (I-Arbutus unedo): Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza/isihlahla esincane, esibonakala kakhulu ehlathini laseMedithera, izithelo ezidliwayo ezibomvu.
• UJujube (Ziphus jujuba): Isihlahla esincane, esibekezelela inhlabathi empofu, esinezithelo ezidliwayo ezisetshenziswa emithini yesintu.

6. Izithelo ezenziwe ngokwemvelo kanye nezihlahla ezitshalwayo

• apula zasendle (I-Malus sylvestris) nezinye izinhlobo zemvelo nezasendle.
• Peral silvestre (IPyrus bourgaeana, IPyrus cordata, I-Pyrus spinosa):
• Iplamu yasendle (I-Prunus insititia):
• okusamathunduluka (IPrunus avium):
• Ipomegranati (IPunica granatum), nakuba imvelaphi yayo iphikiswana, iye yaba ngokwemvelo ezindaweni eziningana.

7. Ezinye izihlahla zase-Iberia nezihlala zikhona

• I-Palmetto (UChamerops uyazithoba): Okuwukuphela kwesihlahla sesundu saseYurophu, esivamile sokwakheka kogu kanye nenhlabathi ye-limestone.
• I-Araar (I-Tetraclinis articulata): Relict conifer eCartagena.
• IPistacia lentiscus: Isihlahla esinokhuni esivame kakhulu eMedithera scrubland, izihlahla ezinkulu eduze kwe- IPistacia terebinthus (i-cornicabra).
• UTilos (I-Tilia platyphyllos, I-Tilia cordata): Izihlahla ezivuthulukayo ezisebeni lwemifula noma izihlathi eziswakeme, eziyivelakancane kodwa eziwuphawu.
• Izihlahla ze-Rowan (I-Sorbus aria, ISorbus aucuparia, I-Sorbus domestica, I-Sorbus torminalis): Izihlahla ezinamaqabunga abanzi, ezithakaselwayo ngezithelo zazo nobuhle bawo basekwindla.
• Umdala (Sambucus nigra): Isihlahla esincane esisetshenziswa kakhulu othangweni nasemaphethelweni omfula.

Qedela izinhlu zezinhlobo zomdabu

Ngezansi sifake uhlu lwamagama alfabhethi nawesayensi, ngokusekelwe ku UmuthiApp y izinsiza zezitshalo ezisemthethweni.

Ibhalwe ngamagama ajwayelekile

• Birch
• Abeto
• Holly
• Isihlahla somnqumo sasendle
• Ukhokho oki
• I-Alder
• UHackberry
• Hazel
• UCarpe
• Chestnut
• okusamathunduluka
• Iplamu yasendle
• I-oki ye-Kermes
• Holm oki / Holm oki
• Fresno
• Igromegranate (yemvelo)
• Haya
• I-Lauro / Parrot
• Arbutus
• apula zasendle
• Olmo
• i-fir
• Iphayini (Canary Island, Aleppo, Larch, Black Pine, Stone Pine, Resin Pine, Wild Pine)
• Oki
• I-Oak (albar, common/carrollo, downy oak, downy oak, Andalusian)
• I-Sauce
• Sabina (albar, negral)
• Umdala
• Rowan
• Linden
• Yebo

Ibhalwe ngamagama esayensi

• U-Abies alba
• abies pinsapo
• I-Acer campestre, I-Acer monspessulanum, I-Acer opalus, Ama-Acer platanoides, I-Acer pseudoplatanus
• I-Alnus glutinosa
• I-Arbutus unedo
• i-betula pendula, I-Betula pubescence
• UCarpinus betulus
• I-Castanea sativa
• ICeltis australis
• UChamerops uyazithoba
• Hazelnut corylus
• I-Crataegus monogyna (i-hawthorn emathangeni nasekuhlanzeni)
• I-Fagus sylvatica
• I-Fraxinus angustifolia, I-Fraxinus excelsior, I-Fraxinus ornus
• Ilex aquifolium
• IJuniperus communis, I-Juniperus oxycedrus, UJuniperus thurifera, UJuniperus phoenicea
• I-Laurus nobilis (i-laurel, ngezikhathi ezithile yenziwe ngokwemvelo)
• I-Malus sylvestris
• Olea Europe var. sylvestris
• I-Pinus canariensis, I-Pinus halepensis, I-Pinus nigra, Isikhombi sePinus, I-Pinus pinea, UPinus sylvestris, UPinus uncinata
• IPistacia lentiscus, IPistacia terebinthus
• IPyrus bourgaeana, IPyrus cordata, I-Pyrus spinosa
• I-Quercus canariensis, I-Quercus coccifera, I-Quercus faginea, I-Quercus ilex, I-Quercus petraea, I-Quercus pubescens, I-Quercus pyrenaica, I-Quercus robur, I-Quercus suber
• I-Sorbus aria, ISorbus aucuparia, I-Sorbus domestica, I-Sorbus torminalis
• I-Salix alba, I-salix atrocinerea, I-Salix caprea, I-Salix fragilis, I-Salix purpurea, I-Salix triandra
• Sambucus nigra
• I-Taxus baccata
• I-Tetraclinis articulata
• I-Tilia platyphyllos, I-Tilia cordata
• I-Ulmus glabra, ulmus laevis, Ulmus omncane

Izici nemininingwane yezinhlobo eziyinhloko

Ohlotsheni ngalunye oluhlobene, lezi izici zalo ezihlukile, izindawo zokuhlala ezithandwayo, namaqiniso athakazelisayo, ahlanganisa ulwazi oluningiliziwe oluvela kuzinsiza zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zemfundo.

Umuthi wase-HolmI-Quercus ilex)

• Isihlahla esihlala njalo, isikhumba, esivumelaniswe nesomiso esinamaphethelo angama-spiny kuma-specimens amancane.
• Isithelo: i-acorn, umthombo wokudla oyisisekelo wezilwane zasendle (izingulube zasendle, izinyamazane, izinyoni) kanye nesisekelo samadlelo ase-Iberia.
• Ukusatshalaliswa: Ingxenye enkulu yenhlonhlo, kusukela ogwini lolwandle kuya ezintabeni, ngaphandle kwasenyakatho enomswakama.
• Sebenzisa: Ukulima kwemfuyo okubanzi (ingulube yase-Iberia), izinkuni, umthunzi, indawo kanye nokongiwa kwenhlabathi.

I-Cork oak (I-Quercus suber)

• Amagxolo aminyene kakhulu, umkhiqizi kakhokho, evuselelekayo ngokukhipha okulawulwayo.
• Idinga inani elithile lomswakama, inhlabathi ene-asidi noma engathathi hlangothi, nakuba ibekezelela umcako othile.
• Ikhona enhlonhlweni esentshonalanga, Andalusia, Extremadura, Catalonia, Portugal.
• Isihluthulelo somnotho wezindawo eziningi zasemaphandleni, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihambisanayo eziyingqayizivele (amakhowe, izinambuzane, izinyoni).

Amaphayini we-Peninsular

• uhlobo ngalunye iphini inezindawo nezici eziyingqayizivele; uphayinaphu uhlukanisa izinhlobo (P. iphayina ama-pine cones ayindilinga namantongomane amakhulu kaphayini, P. halepensis izigaxa zikaphayini ezinde). Ukuze ukhulise, bona iseluleko sethu kokuthi ukukhetha izihlahla zokuhlobisa.
• Bamelana nenhlabathi empofu, bangamavulandlela ekoloni ngemva komlilo (ngaphandle P. sylvestris y P. uncinata).
• Ukubaluleka ekutshalweni kabusha kwamahlathi, ukuvimbela ukuguguleka nokuvuna izingodo.

I-white fir (U-Abies alba) kanye ne-Spanish fir (abies pinsapo)

• Amaconifers asezintabeni, iqabunga elifana nenaliti, amagxolo abushelelezi nesithelo esigaxeni esiqondile esiwela phakathi esihlahleni.
• I-fir yaseSpain itholakala e-Andalusia kanye nensalela yesimo sezulu sasendulo.
• Zidinga indawo enomswakama kanye nehlobo elipholile, okubenza babe sengozini enkulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngalezi zinhlobo, bheka isihloko sethu ku.

Ama-oki ase-Iberia

• Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ngeqabunga kanye nesimo se-acorn.
• Ukhiye ku Amahlathi e-Atlantic kanye nesikhashana, inani eliphezulu lemvelo kanye nezwe.
• Banikeza izinkuni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, izithelo zezilwane namakhowe adliwayo (i-boletus, ama-truffles).

I-Elm (Ulmus omncane nabanye)

• Kwake kwavamile ezikweleni, emigwaqweni nasezimfunda.
• Okwamanje isongelwa yi-Dutch elm disease, nakuba izinhlelo zokubuyisela ziveza imiphumela emihle. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, bheka isihloko sethu nge-Dutch elm disease.
• Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyisiphephelo ezikhotheni nasemahlathini aseduze nomfula.

Isihlahla se-Strawberry (I-Arbutus unedo)

• Isihlahla esincane/isihlahla esincane esinamaqabunga acwebezelayo ahlala eluhlaza kanye nezithelo ezibomvu ze-globose, uphawu lweMadrid.
• Ibekezelela inhlabathi empofu kanye nesomiso, okubalulekile e-Mediterranean scrubland. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngezinhlobo ezinjengalezi, bheka izingadi zemvelo.
• Izithelo zayo ziyadliwa, nakuba zingaziswa kakhulu kwezohwebo.

Ingabe (I-Fagus sylvatica)

• Amaqabunga ama-marcescent, amahlathi aminyene angavumeli ukukhanya kudlule.
• Ihlala ezigodini nasemithambekeni enomthunzi enyakatho nasezintabeni. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokunakekelwa nezici zayo, vakashela isigaba sethu izihlahla zokuhlobisa.
• Isihluthulelo sokugcina umswakama kanye nokuzinza kwenhlabathi.

Izihlahla zomlotha (UFraxinus SPP.)

• Amaqabunga ayinhlanganisela, izithelo ze-samara ezinamaphiko, amagxolo alula nokukhula ngokushesha.
• Badinga inhlabathi emanzi, ehambisana nokuguquguquka kwemifula namabhange.
• Banikeza umthunzi kanye nezinkuni eziguquguqukayo ezisetshenziswa kumathuluzi wendabuko nokwakhiwa.

I-Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)

• Isihlahla esinamaqabunga esinezimbali ezimhlophe namajikijolo aluhlaza.
• Ngokwesiko isetshenziselwa amakhambi emvelo neziphuzo. Ukwandisa ulwazi lwakho, hlola insiza yethu ku izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhomba izitshalo.

I-Palmito (UChamerops uyazithoba)

• Okuwukuphela kwesihlahla sesundu saseYurophu, esijwayele izindawo ezomile, ukumelana nosawoti kanye nomoya.
• Isihluthulelo sokuvikela izindunduma namawa ekugugulekeni. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngezinhlobo zemvelo, vakashela.

Indlela yokubona isihlahla somdabu

La ukuhlonzwa kwezihlahla zomdabu Isekelwe ezintweni ezifana nalezi:

• I-morphology yeqabunga, amagxolo nesiqu.
• Uhlobo lwesithelo: ama-acorns, ama-pine cones, ama-drupes, ama-samaras…
• Izimbali kanye ne-phenology.
• Indawo yokuhlala nendawo.
• Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezihambisanayo kanye nokuhlukahluka okuhambisana nakho.

Okwamanje, izicelo mobile like ArbolApp Banikeza ukuhlonza okulula, okusebenzisanayo okususelwe ezithombeni nemibuzo ebalulekile. Kunconywa ukuthi uthintane nabaqondisi abanemifanekiso futhi uhambe emahlathini nasemapaki emvelo, ubheka izinkathi zonyaka ezihlukene.

Izihlahla zomdabu ezivikelekile nezisengozini

Ezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla zomdabu zivikelwe ngenxa yokuvela kwazo okungavamile, ukubaluleka kwemvelo, noma izinsongo kuzo, njengokusha kwamahlathi, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, izinambuzane, noma ukuguqulwa kwendawo yokuhlala. Izibonelo ezifanele zifaka:

• i-fir (abies pinsapo): uhlobo oluqinile lwe-Andalusian, olumenyezelwe njengezilwane ezisengozini.
• Yebo (I-Taxus baccata): abantu abaningi abayizisulu, ezivikelwe yimithetho yesifunda.
• Olmo (Umus spp.): ethinteke kakhulu isifo se-Dutch elm, nakuba kungaphansi kwezinhlelo zokubuyisela izakhi zofuzo.
• I-Araar (I-Tetraclinis articulata): abukho nhlobo kwezinye izindawo eziseningizimu-mpumalanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlathi emvelo abalulekile ekulondolozweni, njengoba ukucindezela kuwo kanye nokuncintisana kwezinhlobo ezingavamile kungaphazamisa ibhalansi yemvelo.

Izihlahla zomdabu kanye nokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi

Ezinhlelweni ze ukubuyiselwa kwehlathi, ukusetshenziswa njalo kubekwa phambili izihlahla zomdabu ijwayelane nesifunda, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanganiswa kwendawo kanye nokuhlala isikhathi eside. Zincamela kunezinhlobo ezingavamile ngenxa yokumelana kwazo ngokwemvelo nezifo zendawo kanye nendima yazo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Izihlahla zomdabu emadolobheni nasemapaki asemadolobheni

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zemvelo ezihlahleni zasemadolobheni kuya ngokuya kuvame, njengoba kunikeza izidingo zokunisela ezincishisiwe, ubudlelwano obungcono nezilwane zasendle, futhi zikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa nendawo. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emadolobheni aseSpain i-holm oak, i-cork oak, i-hackberry, isihlahla sama-strawberry, i-stone pine, isihlahla sendiza saseLondon (ekuhlanganiseni), umlotha, ne-elm eqinile.

Izibonelo zezihlahla zomdabu ngemiphakathi ezimele

• Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Euskadi: Ama-oki (i-oki evamile), ama-chestnuts, ama-birches, ama-beeches, umlotha, ama-alders, ama-elms.
• I-Castile ne-León, i-Madrid, i-Castile-La Mancha: Holm oki, oki European, inyongo oki, izihlahla umlotha, Scots kanye zikaphayini itshe, imijunipha.
• Catalonia, Aragon: Amaphayini amnyama, amafirs, ama-beeches, ama-holm oak, ama-oki aphansi, ama-lindens, amajunipha, izihlahla zendiza yasendle.
• Andalusia, Extremadura: Ama-oki e-Holm, ama-oki kakhokho, ama-oki enyongo, ama-firs aseSpain, ama-stone and resin pines, izihlahla zomnqumo zasendle.
• I-Balearic Islands: Holm oki, zikaphayini, izihlahla zomnqumo zasendle kanye palmettos.
• Iziqhingi zaseCanary: I-Canary Island pine, ihlathi le-laurel (ama-laurels, ama-barbusanos).

Ukufakwa ohlwini okusemthethweni nokongiwa

• Kunomthetho wesifunda nowesifunda ovikela amahlathi emvelo kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane.
• Izinhlobo ezifakwe Kukhathalogi Yesifunda Yezitshalo Ezisengozini Zijabulela ukuvikeleka okukhethekile.
• Izindawo eziningi zasemaphandleni zikhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezihlahla zomdabu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ezokuvakasha, kugcinwe indawo, futhi kuthuthukiswe izinsiza ze-ecosystem.

Izinsiza kanye nezicelo zocwaningo lwezihlahla zomdabu

Ngokungeziwe kuzisetshenziswa zokuphrinta nezoku-inthanethi, kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziwusizo nemihlahlandlela yokuthola nokuhlonza izinhlobo zezilwane kulo mkhakha:

• UmuthiApp: Ukusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kweRoyal Botanical Garden CSIC, enamakhadi anezithombe, okhiye bokuhlonza namamephu okusabalalisa.
• Imihlahlandlela ye-Flora yomphakathi ngamunye ozimele kanye nesizindalwazi sikamasipala.
• Imizila yezitshalo emapaki emvelo nasezikhungweni zokuchaza imvelo.
• Imininingo egciniwe esemthethweni (Umnyango Wezinguquko Zemvelo kanye Nenselelo Yezibalo Zabantu, I-Iberian Flora, njll.)

Ilukuluku nesiko elidumile mayelana nezihlahla zomdabu

• La Holm oki Kubhekwa njengesihlahla sikazwelonke saseSpain.
• El arbutus Iwuphawu lweMadrid, kanye nebhere, futhi itholakala phezu kwejazi lezikhali zedolobha.
• El ukhokho oki Inikeze igama layo enkulumweni ethi "ukuba i-oki kakhokho" ngenxa yokuqina nokusebenziseka kwayo.
• Izihlahla eziningi zivela ezinganekwaneni, ezingomeni nasezincwadini ezithandwayo, ezakha ingxenye ebalulekile yezinganekwane kanye nokubonakala kwesifunda.

Izinsongo zamanje ezihlahleni zomdabu

• Imililo yehlathi eyenzeka kaningi, ikakhulukazi ethinta ama-conifers namahlathi e-oki.
• Izifo ezivela kwamanye amazwe, njenge-Dutch elm disease noma i-oak blight (Phytophthora).
• Izinhlobo ezihlaselayo: i-eucalyptus, i-acacias, i-ailanthus, eqhudelana nezinhlobo zendabuko.
• Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu: kushintsha imvula namaphethini okushisa, kushintshe okufanelekile ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi.
• Ukuphenduka ugwadule nokulahlekelwa inhlabathi evundile.

Gqugquzela ukutshala nokongiwa kwezihlahla zomdabu

Ukutshala nokunakekela izinhlobo zomdabu kuyisu elingcono kakhulu lokubhekana nezinkinga zemvelo ezibhekene neSpain. Izingadi, amapaki, imisebenzi yezolimo nezamahlathi, kanye nezindawo zasemadolobheni, zingazuza kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezihlahla nezihlahla ezitholakala endaweni.

• Banikeza ukumelana okukhulu nezinambuzane, isomiso nezifo.
• Bathanda izilwane ezisizayo (izinyoni, izinambuzane ezimpova, amalulwane, njll.).
• Zikuvumela ukuthi wonge amanzi futhi unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
• Ziyizici ezibalulekile zokusimama kwezimiso zemvelo lapho kubhekene noshintsho emhlabeni.

I-bibliography nezixhumanisi ozithakaselayo

• I-ArbolApp - I-Royal Botanical Garden CSIC:
• I-Ministry for Ecological Transition kanye ne-Demographic Challenge - Inventory National of Singular Trees
• Ibhulogi Yokutshala Izihlahla: https://plantararboles.blogspot.com/
• Izinhlu zesifunda zezitshalo ezivikelwe nezinhlobo ezisengozini
• Imihlahlandlela yezitshalo namabhukwana okuhlonza isifunda

ISpain iyizwe elicebe kakhulu ngezihlahla zomdabu, ezikhombisa umlando wemvelo namasiko wesifunda ngasinye. Ukunakekela, ukuqonda, kanye nokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zethu zezilwane kuwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene kanye nethuba lokujabulela ukubukeka kwezwe okuyingqayizivele, okusimeme, nokunempilo.