Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu sekuyinkinga enkulu emazingeni omhlaba nawendawo., futhi umthelela wako ekuphileni kwansuku zonke awunakuphikwa. Lokhu kugqugquzele ukufuna izixazululo ezibambekayo ezinciphisa umthelela wendawo, zithuthukise izinga lempilo emadolobheni, futhi ziqhubekele kumamodeli ezakhiwo ezinzile. Kulo mongo, uphahla oluluhlaza Zivela njengenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu nezikhangayo, njengoba zinikeza izinzuzo zemvelo, ezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho nezobuhle ezihambisana kakhulu neSpain.
Uyazibuza ukuthi kungani amadolobha amaningi, abantu ngabanye, namabhizinisi bekhetha ukufaka uphahla oluluhlaza? Sichaza ngokuningiliziwe, sigqamisa ukuthi ziyini, zifakwa kanjani, izinhlobo zazo eziyinhloko, kanye zonke izinzuzo abazinikezayo ezingeni lemvelo, ezomnotho kanye nezenhlaloUkwengeza, uzothola ukuthi zifaka isandla kanjani ekuphathweni kwamanzi, ukufakwa kwe-thermal kanye ne-acoustic, ukwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemadolobheni, kanye nenhlalakahle engokomzwelo yalabo abahlala noma abasebenza ngaphansi kwazo.
Ayini amaphahla aluhlaza?
I-Los uphahla oluluhlaza, ebizwa nangokuthi uphahla oluluhlaza, uphahla lwemifino, uphahla oluluhlaza noma uphahla oluphilayo, zihlanganisa izinhlelo zezitshalo ezifakwe phezu kwezakhiwo nezinye izakhiwo. Akukhona mayelana nokubeka izitshalo ngqo ophahleni.; iwuhlelo lokwakha olwakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukuvumela uhlaza ukuba lukhule ngokuphepha, olunesivikelo kumswakama, ukuvuza, nokuthuthukiswa kwezimpande, okuqinisekisa ukuqina kwesakhiwo.
- Ikhava yokuvimbela amanzi: Isendlalelo sokuqala sisebenza njengesithiyo somswakama, esivimbela amanzi emvula noma ukuchelela ekufinyeleleni isakhiwo sesakhiwo.
- Umgoqo wezimpande: Ulwelwesi olukhethekile luvikela uphahla ekulimaleni okungenzeka okubangelwa ukukhula kwezimpande.
- Amasistimu wokudonsa amanzi: Benza lula ukuphuma kwamanzi amaningi, ukuvimbela ama-puddles nokugcina i-substrate isesimweni esihle.
- Isendlalelo se-substrate: Ingxube yenhlabathi nezinto ezifanele ezihlinzeka ngokusekela, umsoco namanzi ezitshalweni.
- Izimila: Izinhlobo zezilwane ezikhethwe ngokucophelela ukuze zivumelane nesimo sezulu sendawo, ukunakekelwa okuphansi, kanye nekhono lokuhlinzeka ngenani lemvelo nelobuhle.
Ukukhethwa kwengxenye ngayinye kuncike esimweni sezulu, uhlobo lwesakhiwo, nokusetshenziswa kwaso. Uphahla oluluhlaza lungaba isicaba noma lube netshekile., futhi ifanele kokubili ukwakhiwa okusha nokulungiswa kwezakhiwo.
Izinhlobo zophahla oluluhlaza: olubanzi, olujulile futhi olunamandla
- Uphahla oluluhlaza olubanzi: Zingasindi, zine-substrate layer ephakathi kuka-5 no-15 cm. Zivumela ukutshalwa kwezinhlobo eziqinile (njenge-sedum, moss, notshani). Zidinga ukulungiswa okuncane futhi zilungele ophahleni olungathutheki. noma lokho akusekeli isisindo esiningi.
- Uphahla oluluhlaza olujulile: Bahlanganisa ukujula okukhulu kwe-substrate (okungaphezu kuka-15 cm), okuvumela ukutshalwa kwezihlahla, izimbali nezihlahla ezincane. Ukugcinwa kwazo kuphakeme futhi zidinga izakhiwo eziqinisiwe.Ngokuvamile zidalwe ophahleni oluyisicaba olusebenza njengezingadi noma izindawo zokungcebeleka.
- Uphahla oluluhlaza oluqinile kancane: Ihlanganisa izici zakho zombili: ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo okukhulu kunezitshalo eziningi kodwa ezinezidingo eziphansi zesakhiwo kunezitshalo eziqinile. Avumela izindawo okudlula kuzo kancane kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo..
Ukukhetha phakathi kohlobo olulodwa noma olunye kusekelwe enjongweni yephrojekthi, umthamo womthwalo wesakhiwo kanye nesabelomali esitholakalayo..
Izendlalelo zokwakha eziyisisekelo kanye nezinhlelo
Un uphahla oluhlaza Yakhiwe ngezendlalelo ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe ezichazwe kahle, ukufakwa kwazo okulungile kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokusebenza:
- Ukuvimbela amanzi: Ivikela isakhiwo emanzini futhi kufanele imelane namakhemikhali nezimpande.
- Isendlalelo se-Anti-root: Ivimbela uhlaza ukuthi lungalimazi izingqimba ezingezansi.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-thermal: Ingabekwa ngenhla noma ngezansi kuye ngokuthi isistimu ihlanekezelwe noma ijwayelekile.
- Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi nokugcinwa kwamanzi: Kwenza kube lula ukuphuma kwamanzi amaningi futhi kusiza i-substrate igcine umswakama odingekayo.
- Isendlalelo sesihlungi: Ihlanza amanzi ageleza phansi, ivimbele ukudonsa kwezinhlayiya.
- Isendlalelo: Inhlanganisela yezinto ezikhanyayo nezivundile, ezivumelaniswe nezimila ezikhethiwe.
- Izimila: Izitshalo zomdabu, eziqinile, nezinganakekeleki kahle zikhethwa, nakuba izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zingenzeka ophahleni olujulile.
Ukuhlela kahle nokwenza ungqimba ngalunye kuzokwenza uphahla oluluhlaza luphephe, luqine futhi lusebenze kahle.. Ukugadwa kochwepheshe kuhlala kunconywa.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokufaka uphahla oluluhlaza eSpain
Kuningi izizathu ezinkulu izizathu zokukhetha uphahla oluluhlaza kumongo wesi-Spanish:
- I-Superior thermal insulation: Uphahla oluluhlaza lusebenza njengama-insulators emvelo, kakhulu ukunciphisa ukushisa ukudluliswa kusuka ngaphandle ehlobo nokugwema ukulahlekelwa ukushisa ebusika. Lokhu kunciphisa isidingo sokushisisa nokupholisa, ngomphumela wokongiwa kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2.
- Ukuphatha amanzi emvula ngendlela efanele: Izitshalo ne-substrate zimunca futhi zigcine amanzi emvula, ukunciphisa umthwalo kumasistimu endle, ukunciphisa ubungozi bezikhukhula zasemadolobheni kanye nokuvumela ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi aqoqiwe ukuchelela. Ulwazi olwengeziwe ngophahla oluluhlaza.
- Ukuhlanzwa komoya kanye nokunciphisa ukungcoliswa: Izitshalo zihlunga izinhlayiya ezimisiwe futhi zimunce ukungcola, ngcono izinga lomoya kanye nesandla ekubanjweni kwe-CO2 nokukhululwa komoyampilo.
- Ukufakwa komsindo wemvelo: Uphahla oluluhlaza lusebenza njengesithiyo emsindweni, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa komsindo wangaphakathi nangaphandle ezindlini nasemahhovisi, okuthuthukisa ukunethezeka nokuphumula.
- Ukwandisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemadolobheni: Uphahla oluluhlaza lwakha izindawo zokuhlala zezinyoni, impova, izimvemvane nezinambuzane, ukugqugquzela ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulingana kwemvelo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kakhulu.
- Ukunweba ubude besikhathi sophahla: Isebenza njengesivikelo emisebeni ye-ultraviolet, izinguquko zemvula nezinga lokushisa, ukwandisa ukuqina kophahla nokuvimbela amanzi.
- Inani elingeziwe lesakhiwo: Bakhuphula inani lezomnotho nelohwebo lesakhiwo, basenze sikhange nakakhulu kukho kokubili ukuthengiswa nokuqashiswa futhi kusizakale ukutholwa kwezitifiketi ezifana ne-BREEAM noma i-LEED.
- Ukunciphisa umphumela wesiqhingi sokushisa sasemadolobheni: Ngokumunca ukushisa okuncane kunophahla oluvamile nokukhulula umswakama, Uphahla oluluhlaza lunciphisa izinga lokushisa eliphelele ledolobha, okukhiqiza ama-microclimates apholile futhi amnandi kakhulu.
- Izinzuzo zobuhle nezomphakathi: Bathuthukisa isithombe sasemadolobheni, banikeze izikhala ezengeziwe eziluhlaza zokuzilibazisa nokuphumula, futhi bakhuthaze inhlalakahle engokomzwelo.
- Isithiyo esingokwemvelo ngokumelene nemililo nokuguguleka: Umswakama ovela ezitshalweni uyisivikelo emalangabini. Izinhlelo eziklanywe kahle zivimbela ukuguguleka kwe-substrate ngisho nalapho kubhekene neziphepho nomoya onamandla.
Izinzuzo zezomnotho nokonga kwesikhathi eside
Ukufaka uphahla oluluhlaza kuhilela izindleko zokuqala eziphakeme kunezinhlelo zendabuko., kodwa izinzuzo zezomnotho zesikhathi esimaphakathi nezesikhathi eside zicacile:
- Ukonga amandla: Ukwehliswa kwezindleko zesimo somoya kanye nezindleko zokushisisa ngenxa yokufakwa okungeziwe.
- Izindleko zokunakekela ezincane: Ngokuvikela ukuvimbela amanzi, uphahla luhlala isikhathi eside futhi ludinga ukungenelela okungabizi kakhulu.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwekhaya noma isakhiwo: Ukwenyuka kwenani lesakhiwo kungaba okuphawulekayo.
- Izibonelelo nosizo: E-Spain, kunezinhlelo zikamasipala nezesifunda ezisekela ukufakwa kophahla oluluhlaza ngosizo lwezezimali.
Umthelela empilweni nasenhlalakahleni
Ukuhlala noma ukusebenza endaweni eluhlaza kwandisa inhlalakahle ngokomzimba nangokwengqondoUcwaningo oluhlukahlukene lukhombisa ukuthi ukubheka izingadi kunciphisa kakhulu ingcindezi, kukhulisa ukwaneliseka, futhi kusheshise izinqubo zokululama ezikhungweni zezempilo. Ukuxhumana nemvelo, ngisho nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni, kukhuthaza ukubumbana komphakathi nokusebenzelana okuhle phakathi komakhelwane.
- Ukuhlangana komphakathi: Ikhuthaza ukuxhumana kanye nomuzwa womphakathi ngokudala izindawo zokuhlangana nokuzithokozisa kwangaphandle.
- Ukunciphisa ukucekelwa phansi kanye nolaka: Ukuba khona kwezindawo eziluhlaza kufakazelwe ukuthi kunomthelela ezindaweni eziphephile zasemadolobheni.
- Ukukhuthazwa kokusungula nokuphumula: Izindawo eziluhlaza zithuthukisa ukugxila futhi zinciphise ukukhathala kwengqondo.
Izici ezibalulekile ekufakweni kophahla oluluhlaza
Ngaphambi kokufaka uphahla oluluhlaza, kubalulekile ukucabangela:
- Ukuhlolwa kwesakhiwo: Uphahla kufanele lusekele isisindo sazo zonke izingqimba nezimila, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni eziqinile (60 kuya ku-150 kg/m² noma ngaphezulu).
- I-Orientation kanye ne-microclimate: Khetha izinhlobo zezitshalo ezivumelana nesimo sezulu sendawo kanye nokuchayeka elangeni.
- Ukufinyeleleka: Nquma ukuthi indawo izodluleka yini nokuthi izosetshenziswa ini: ezokuzijabulisa, ezikhiqizayo (izingadi zasemadolobheni), ukuzilibazisa, njll.
- Isondlo Uphahla olubanzi ludinga ukulungiswa okuncane; uphahla olujulile ludinga ukuchelela, ukuvundiswa, nokuthenwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko namathiphu okutshala
Phakathi kwezitshalo ezinconyiwe kakhulu yilezi:
- I-Sedum nama-succulents: Ibekezelela kakhulu isomiso namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Funda kabanzi mayelana ne-Sedum oreganum.
- Utshani obungazweli nama-turfgrasses: Ngophahla olubanzi noluncane.
- Izitshalo zezimbali zomdabu: Athuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo futhi ahehe i-pollinator.
- Izihlahla ezincane nezihlahla: Iwusizo ophahleni olujulile, inqobo nje uma isakhiwo sikuvumela.
Kungumqondo omuhle ukukhetha izingxube ezithanda izinyosi nezimvemvane, futhi ubeke phambili izinhlobo eziqhakaza izimbali ezinde ukuze ujabulele ikhava enemibala enemibala cishe unyaka wonke.
Imithethonqubo kanye nezitifiketi
Uphahla oluluhlaza lunomthelela ekutholeni izitifiketi eziluhlaza njenge-BREEAM ne-LEED, ezikala ukusimama nokusebenza kahle kwezakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyanda imithetho kamasipala evuza ukuhlanganiswa kwezixazululo eziluhlaza, okuvumela ukuphumula kwentela noma ukwehliswa kwentela.
Izicelo nezibonelo eSpain
Uphahla oluluhlaza lutholakala ezindlini ezinomndeni owodwa, ezindlini zokuhlala, ezakhiweni zamahhovisi, ezindaweni zokuthenga, ezikoleni, ngisho nasezibhedlela nasezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla zezimboni. Amadolobha afana neMadrid, iBarcelona, ​​iSeville noma iValencia Seziningi izibonelo ezikhungweni zabo zasemadolobheni. Futhi kuwumkhuba wokulungiswa kwezikhungo zomlando namahhotela asemaphandleni, okwengeza inani kanye nokwehlukanisa.
Kunezixazululo zazo zonke izinhlobo zezakhiwo, kusukela ophahleni oluyisicaba kuya ophahleni olumisiweNgaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bamanje buvumela ukufakwa emagaraji angaphansi komhlaba noma kuma-pergolas nama-veranda. Funda ngezingadi zasemadolobheni.
I-Los Uphahla oluluhlaza aluyona nje imfashini; ziyingxenye yempendulo edingekayo yokubhekana nezinselele zemvelo, zezenhlalo, nezomnotho zamadolobha anamuhla. Zimelela utshalomali esikhathini esizayo, zineqhaza ekudaleni amadolobha anempilo futhi aqine kakhudlwana, futhi ziye zayeka ukuba yiphupho futhi zibe ngokoqobo okufinyeleleka kuzo abaningi.
