Izitshalo ze-Xerophytic zithathe ukunaka kwezazi zezitshalo, abadwebi bezwe, nabathandi bemvelo ngekhono labo elimangalisayo lokuzivumelanisa nokuphila endaweni eyome kakhulu. Lezi zinhlobo zakha iqembu elithakazelisayo phakathi kwezitshalo, ezinikezwe ukujwayela kwe-morphological, physiological, kanye ne-anatomical ukuze zimelane nesomiso esihlala isikhathi eside, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, inhlabathi empofu, nezimo ezingaba yingozi ezitshalweni eziningi.
Okuyi- isitshalo se-xerophytic?
Igama elithi "xerophilous" livela kwelesiGreek elithi xeros, okusho ukuthi yomile, kanye ne-philia, okubonisa ukuhlobana. Ngakho-ke, isitshalo se-xerophytic yileso biology yaso iguqulelwe ngokukhethekile ukuze siphile ngokutholakala kwamanzi amancane kakhulu, okubonisa ukubekezelelana kanye nokukhetha ngezindawo ezomile nezomile, njengezingwadule, amathafa, izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezindawo ezibandayo ezifana ne-tundra.
Kubalulekile ukuthi ungaphambanisi amagama athi "xerophyte" kanye "xerophilous". isitshalo se-xerophytic iyakwazi ukuphila ezindaweni ezomile, kodwa ingakhula kahle ezindaweni ezinomswakama uma izimo zivuma. Kunalokho, a isitshalo se-xerophytic Kudinga ukoma ukuze kuthuthuke ngokugcwele futhi kungase konakaliswe umswakama oweqile. Ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke, womabili la magama asetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo, nakuba lo mehluko ubalulekile kusayensi yezitshalo.
Izici ezibalulekile zezitshalo ze-xerophytic
- Izimpande ezithuthuke kakhulu: Izimpande zezitshalo ze-xerophytic zivame ukuba zibanzi futhi zijulile, zikwazi ukucinga amanzi ezingqimbeni ezijulile zenhlabathi. Ezinye izinhlobo, njenge-eucalyptus (Eucalyptus) noma i-carob, zine izimpande ze-phreatophytic ezifinyelela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.
- Iziqu ezijiyile kanye neziqu: Eziningi zalezi zitshalo zigcina amanzi eziqwini noma eziqwini zazo (i-succulence), njengoba kunjalo nge-cacti kanye ne-Euphorbias.
- Ukuzijwayeza emaqabungeni: Sinenkosi amaqabunga amancane, lesikhumba, embozwe wax, izinwele noma ngisho ameva, ukuze nciphisa umjulukoKwezinye izimo, amaqabunga ayancipha kangangokuthi i-photosynthesis yenzeka eziqwini.
- I-CAM Metabolism: Ama-xerophyte amaningi asebenzisa lolu hlobo lwe-photosynthetic metabolism oluvumela ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngokulungisa i-CO₂ ikakhulukazi ebusuku.
- I-Sunken Stomata: I-stomata yalezi zitshalo ivamise ukuba se-depression noma ivikelwe ama-trichome, okunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngokuphefumulelwa.
- Umkhuba wonyaka noma ophunduzayo wempilo: Amanye ama-xerophyte alahlekelwa amaqabunga awo ngesikhathi sesomiso esishube kakhulu, kanti amanye aqeda umjikelezo wawo wokuphila ngokushesha, esebenzisa isikhathi esifushane somswakama.
- Amasistimu okuzivikela: Ukuba khona kwe-spines, stings kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezivimbelayo kuvamile, njengendlela yokuvimbela ukhula kanye ne-desiccation.
Ukuzijwayeza kwesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza komzimba
Izimo zezitshalo ze-xerophytic zihlukahlukene futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi kwamasu abo amakhulu okusinda ezindaweni ezimbi yizi:
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-cuticles aminyene, ane-waxy: Ungqimba oluvikelayo olumboza i-epidermis yamaqabunga neziqu, luvimbele ukuhwamuka okukhulu.
- Ukuncishiswa nokuguqulwa kwamaqabunga: Amaqabunga amancane kakhulu, avame ukuncishiswa abe izikali, imigogodla, noma izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-phyllodes nama-cladode. Isibonelo, ku-Acacia, amaqabunga amancane angashintsha abe ama-phyllode aqhubekayo.
- I-Photosynthesis yeziqu: Lapho lesi sitshalo silahlekelwa cishe wonke amaqabunga aso ukuze sinciphise ukuphefumula, iziqu eziluhlaza zithatha umsebenzi we-photosynthetic, njengaku-cacti eminingi ne-Euphorbias.
- Succulence: Ukunqwabelana kwamanzi ezicutshini ezikhethekile (i-aquifer parenchyma), ekhona emaqabunga (i-Aloe, i-Agave, i-Crassula) noma isiqu (i-cactus, i-Stapelia).
- Izinwele nama-trichomes: Izinwele noma i-villi evala indawo yamaqabunga, okusiza ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa nokulahlekelwa kwamanzi.
- I-root morphology esebenzayo: Izinhlelo zezimpande ezingashoni futhi ezisabalele ukuze zibambe amanzi emvuleni emfishane nasezinhlelweni ezijulile ukuze afinyelele imithombo engaphansi komhlaba.
- Ukuma nokuma kwamaqabunga: Amaqabunga amile, ahlabayo noma aphendukayo anciphisa ukuchayeka elangeni kanye nokuhwamuka.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo ze-xerophytic ngokuya ngamasu azo
Izitshalo ze-Xerophytic zingahlukaniswa ngohlobo lokujwayela okubusayo ezethulayo:
- Ama-succulent xerophyte: Baqoqa amanzi amaningi ezicutshini zabo. Izibonelo: i-cacti, inhlaba, ama-agave, nama-crassulas.
- Ama-phreatophytes: Izimpande ezithuthuke ngokujulile ezikwazi ukufinyelela etafuleni lamanzi. Izibonelo: I-Eucalyptus, i-Prosopis.
- I-Sclerophyllous: Amaqabunga amancane, aqinile, anesikhumba anokuqukethwe kwamanzi aphansi kanye nesilinganiso esiphansi sendawo ukuya kuvolumu. Izibonelo: Umnqumo, i-holm oak, ne-oki.
- Ilola: Izitshalo ezinciphise amaqabunga azo kangangokuthi zithembele eziqwini ze-photosynthetic. Izibonelo: I-Leafless cacti, ama-Euphorbia amaningi ase-Afrika.
Ezinye izindlela zokuzivikela nezokusinda
- Ukuba khona kwameva nokuhlaba: Zinikeza isivikelo ezilwaneni ezidla uhlaza futhi zisiza ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi. Ameva angaba foliar (Acacia, Berberis) noma isiqu (Prunus spinosa, Gleditsia triacanthos).
- Ukwakhiwa kwama-phyllodes nama-cladode: Izakhiwo ezithatha indawo yamaqabunga futhi zithathe umsebenzi wazo we-photosynthetic, njengaku izitshalo ezifana Ruscus o I-Opuntia.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-areolas: Izakhiwo ezincane ezijwayelekile ze-cacti ezikhiqiza imigogodla nezimbali.
- Iziqu eziyisiyingi kanye nokugoqa: Enye i-cacti ineziqu ze-globose ezinezimbambo ezinwebekayo noma ezincibilika kuye ngokuqukethwe kwamanzi.
- Izinguquko ze-Phenological: Izinhlobo eziningi zibonisa ukusebenza kwezitshalo kuphela ngezikhathi zemvula futhi zingena endaweni yokulala ngesikhathi sesomiso.
Izindawo zokuhlala lapho izitshalo ze-xerophytic zikhula khona
Izitshalo ze-Xerophytic zitholakala ku isimo sezulu esomile, esomile futhi esinesimo sezulu esishisayo emhlabeni jikelele. Izindawo zokuhlala ezimele kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- Izingwadule ezishisayo: NjengeSahara, Atacama, Kalahari, Sonora, Mojave, Gobi, phakathi kwabanye.
- Ama-steppes nama-savanna: Izindawo ezinkulu ezinohlaza oluhlakazekile ezijwayele izikhathi zesomiso.
- Izindawo zaseMedithera: Lapho ihlobo lomile futhi lishisa, njenge-Mediterranean basin, California, Western Australia, maphakathi neNingizimu Afrika, kanye nezingxenye zaseChile.
- I-Arctic ne-alpine tundra: Naphezu kwamazinga okushisa aphansi, ukuntuleka kwamanzi awuketshezi kwenza lezi zindawo zifane nezingwadule.
Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zezitshalo ze-xerophytic ezitholakala kulezi zindawo zokuhlala zihlanganisa i-yareta noma i-llareta (Ugwadule Lwase-Atacama), izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-cacti yaseNyakatho Melika, isihlahla somnqumo eMedithera, nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-succulents eningizimu ye-Afrika.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezibonelo zezitshalo ze-xerophytic
Izitshalo ze-Xerophytic zakha iqembu elihluke kakhulu, elinezinhlobo ezisukela kuzo amakhambi amancane amnandi up izihlahla eziqinileEzinye izibonelo ezifundwa kabanzi neziqashelwayo yilezi:
- cactus (umndeni wakwaCactaceae): Kuhlanganisa amakhulu ezinhlobo zezilwane, njenge I-Opuntia (i-prickly pear), I-Echinopsis, ICarnegiea gigantea (i-saguaro).
- Ezinye ze-Euphorbias Afrika kanye American.
- inhlaba (I-Aloe vera, i-Aloe arborescens): Izitshalo zokwelapha nezokuhlobisa ezidume kakhulu ngamahlamvu azo anoshukela.
- Ama-agave (ubulili I-Agave): Ngokwesiko isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imicu neziphuzo.
- I-Crassulaceae (Crassula, Kalanchoe): Ngamaqabunga ayinyama nezimbali ezinhle.
- Umnqumo (Olea Europe): Isihlahla saseMedithera esijwayele isomiso kanye nomkhiqizi weminqumo.
- Holm oki (I-Quercus ilex), ukhokho oki (I-Quercus suber): Izihlahla isici samahlathi e-sclerophyllous.
- Dryas octopetala, I-Salix arctica, I-Saxifraga Oppositifolia, I-Arctostaphylos alpinaAbamele izitshalo ze-xerophytic ze-tundra noma izintaba.
- ceiba speciosa (palo borracho): Isihlahla esijwayele ukugcina amanzi esiqwini saso.
- I-Yucca: Ama-Succulents aseNyakatho neMelika Ephakathi.
- Induku eluhlaza, Izazi (algarrobo): Izihlahla ezivela ezindaweni ezomile zaseNingizimu Melika.
- I-Acacia: Izihlahla nezihlahlana zezifunda ezingasomile emhlabeni wonke, ezinama-phyllode esikhundleni samaqabunga ayinhlanganisela.
Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zibonisa i-ecological and adaptive plasticity yezitshalo ze-xerophytic.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo nemisebenzi ku-ecosystem
- Ukuzinzisa umhlabathi: Zisiza ekuvimbeleni ukuguguleka kwemvelo ezindaweni ezintekenteke ezonakaliswe izimo zezulu.
- Umthombo wokudla namanzi: Banikeza izinsiza ezibalulekile zezilwane zasendle zendawo, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zesomiso.
- Ukulawulwa kwe-Microclimate: Bakha izindawo zokuhlala ezincane ezithanda ukuphila kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingakwazi ukumelana nesomiso.
- Ukwesekwa kwezolimo namasiko abantu: Izinhlobo eziningi ze-xerophilous ziye zasetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo njengokudla, imithi, izinto zokwakha kanye nemicu.
- Ukubaluleka kokuhlobisa nokwakheka kwezwe: Ukumelana nobuhle bazo kubenza balungele ukulima okusimeme kanye ne-xeriscaping.
I-Xeriscaping: izingadi ezisimeme ezinezitshalo ze-xerophytic
La i-xeriscaping Iwumklamo wengadi kanye nendlela yokunakekela eklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezitshalo ze-xerophytic futhi kwaguqulwa. Le ndlela ibalulekile ezifundeni lapho amanzi eyinsiza eyivelakancane noma lapho izinqubomgomo zokusimama zihloselwe ukwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi.
- Ukuklanywa komhlaba: Hlanganisa izitshalo ngokwezidingo zazo zamanzi, okuvumela ukwenziwa kahle kokunisela nezinsiza.
- Ukukhetha ngokuya ngesimo sezulu sendawo: Khetha izinhlobo zemvelo noma ezijwayele ukusetshenziswa kahle kwamanzi.
- Ukuthuthukiswa komhlabathi: Sebenzisa ama-substrates akhishwe kahle kanye nezichibiyelo ze-organic ukukhuthaza ukugcinwa nokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi.
- Amasistimu okunisela asebenzayo: Faka i-drip irrigation, i-micro-sprinkler irrigation, noma ukuvunwa kwamanzi emvula.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zekhava yomhlabathi, i-mulching ne-aggregates: Lezi zinqubo zonga umswakama, zinciphisa ukukhula kokhula, futhi zizinzise amazinga okushisa e-substrate.
- Utshani nokhaphethi abasetshenziswa kancane: Khetha izinhlobo ezimelana nesomiso, ugweme utshani obudinga ukuchelela kakhulu.
- Ukunciphisa amakhemikhali: Ukukhethwa okuhle kwezinhlobo eziguquliwe kunciphisa isidingo sikamanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane, kukhuthaze i-ecosystem enempilo futhi eqinile.
I-Xeriscaping ayisona isisombululo se-ecology kanye nobuhle kuphela, kodwa futhi imele enye indlela eyongayo nesimeme yekusasa lakho kokubili ukuhlelwa kwezwe komphakathi nokuzimele.
Ezinye izihlahlana, izihlahla kanye nekhava yomhlabathi enconyelwe i-xeriscaping
- Izihlahla ezinamaqabunga: I-Cercis siliquastrum (isihlahla sothando), i-Cotoneaster horizontalis (umshanelo omnyama), i-Cytisus scoparius (umshanelo omnyama), i-Eleagnus angustifolia (isihlahla esiyipharadesi), i-Punica granatum (ipomegranate), i-Rosa rugosa (i-rose yaseJapane).
- Izihlahla eziluhlaza: I-Arbutus unedo (isihlahla samasitrobheli), i-Artemisia spp., i-Callistemon spp. (umshanelo obomvu), iCeanothus arboreus (umnduze wasezintabeni), Eleagnus pungens, Myrtus communis (myrtle), Pyracantha coccinea (firethorn), Rhamnus alaternus (wing).
- Izihlahla: Alnus cordata (Neapolitan alder), Ginkgo biloba, Koelreuteria bipinnata (Chinese rain tree), Robinia pseudoacacia (false acacia), Acacia baileyana (mimosa), Acacia melanoxylon (black locust), Brachychiton populneus (bottle tree), Olea europauruy nobilis (umnqumo).
- Izitshalo zekhava yaphansi: Achillea millefollium (yarrow), Aloe arborescens, Myoporum debile (evergreen), Santolina chamaecyparissus (female shortberry), Sedum acre (evergreen).
- Izitshalo ezingapheli: I-Eschscholzia californica (i-California poppy), i-Portulaca grandiflora (i-purslane), i-Tagetes lemonii (i-tagetes), i-Tithonia rotundifolia (i-sunflower yase-Mexican).
Izibonelo ze-ecosystem enezitshalo ze-xerophytic
- I-Atacama Desert (Chile): Enye yezindawo ezome kakhulu emhlabeni, iyikhaya lama-yaretas (Azorella compacta), ama-cachiyuyos kanye nezihlahla ze-carob.
- Ugwadule lwase-Mojave (eNyakatho Melika): Ikhaya lezinhlobo ezifana I-Yucca brevifolia (Isihlahla sikaJoshua) kanye ne-cacti eminingi.
- I-Gobi Desert (Asia): Inhlanganisela yama-succulents ashintshiwe, izihlahlana kanye namakhambi.
- Isifunda sasePatagonia (Argentina): Ibonisa izimila eziphansi, ezinotshani obuningi kanye nezihlahla ezincane ezikwazi ukumelana.
- I-Arctic tundras: Izitshalo ezincanyana njenge Dryas octopetala, Salix arctica, Saxifraga oppositifolia kanye ne Arctostaphylos alpina.
Ilukuluku kanye nemibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nezitshalo ze-xerophytic
- Ingabe ama-xerophyte ahlala ogwadule kuphela? Cha. Nakuba zigcwele ogwadule, zitholakala nasezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba, amathafa nama-tundra.
- Ingabe zonke izitshalo ze-xerophytic ziyi-succulent? Akunjalo. I-Succulence ingenye yezindlela eziningi zokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
- Kungani zibalulekile ekutshaleni izingadi zasemadolobheni? Ngenxa yezidingo zabo eziphansi zamanzi kanye nokunakekelwa kalula, zilungele izingadi ezisimeme futhi zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.
- Zisiza kanjani i-ecosystem? Zibalulekile ekulondolozeni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukulawula isimo sezulu nokuvimbela ukugwaduleka.
Ukuthola umhlaba wezitshalo ze-xerophytic kungena endaweni yonke amasu ahlakaniphile ukuphila lapho amanzi eyindlala khona. Ukuzijwayeza kwabo kanye nokuba khona kwabo ezindaweni ezeqisayo kubenza babe ngabadlali ababalulekile emzabalazweni wokuphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinobutha. Ngenxa yokuqina kwazo, ukuguquguquka, kanye nobuhle, ziyisisekelo sokutshala ingadi esimeme kanye nababambe iqhaza ababalulekile ekubuyiselweni kwemvelo nokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okuvumela ukudalwa kwezindawo eziluhlaza ezikwazi ukumelana nezimo, ezinhle, nezivumelana nemvelo.
