El i-chickpea (I-Cicer arietinum), edabuka eMpumalanga yeMedithera, ikakhulukazi iTurkey, iGreece neSyria, ingenye yezitshalo ezisadumba ezaziswa kakhulu emhlabeni ngokudla kwazo zombili kanye nokuguquguquka kwazo ekhishini. Lesi sitshalo sonyaka siwumthombo we Amaprotheni emifino, i-fiber, amavithamini, amaminerali kanye nama-bioactive compounds ezihlinzeka ngezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo. Phakathi kwezinzuzo zayo ikhono layo lokulawula amazinga kashukela egazini nokusiza ukugcina umfutho wegazi phakathi kwezigaba ezinempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunambitheka kwawo kanye nokuthungwa kwawo kwenza ama-chickpeas abe isithako esibalulekile ezitsheni eziningi zendabuko nezesimanje.
Ukutshalwa kwechickpea kuyindlela enhle kakhulu kubalimi, abalimi basemadolobheni, kanye nabalimi basekhaya ngokufanayo. Ukuqina kwawo, ukumelana nesomiso, kanye neqhaza enhlabathini, nokwenza ngcono ukufakwa kwe-nitrogen, kwenza le legume ibe enye indlela ekahle yokushintshanisa izitshalo kanye nezinqubo zokulima ezisimeme. Kulesi sihloko, uzofunda okwengeziwe. Indlela yokutshala ama-chickpeas isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, izimfihlo zokutshalwa kwayo, izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-chickpeas nazo zonke izincomo eziyisisekelo nezithuthukisiwe zokuthola isivuno esiningi nekhwalithi, futhi ukuhlanganisa izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zezolimo nezasekhaya lokho kuqinisekisa impumelelo kunoma iyiphi indawo.
Izinhlobo zama-chickpeas: khetha uhlobo olufanele lwesitshalo sakho
Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, kubalulekile ukwazi okuyinhloko izinhlobo zama-chickpeas etholakalayo, njengoba ukukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo kuthonya ukujwayela isimo sezulu, ukusebenza kanye nendawo yokupheka:
- Kabuli: Lona uhlobo oludume kakhulu eNtshonalanga. Imbewu yayo inkulu, iyindilinga, futhi inombala okhilimu okhanyayo. Inikeza ukuthungwa okuhle futhi ilungele i-hummus, amasaladi, nezitshulu.
- Desi: Ibonakala ngezinhlamvu ezincane, ezinombala omnyama (nsundu noma omnyama), enesikhumba esishubile kanye nokuqukethwe kwefiber ephezulu. Itshalwa kakhulu eNdiya, Middle East nase-Afrika. Imelana nesomiso kakhulu.
- Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zendawo noma ezithuthukisiwe, ezijwayele izimo zezulu ezithile noma ezinezimfanelo ezikhethekile ezifana nokumelana okukhulu nezinambuzane, kodwa i-Kabuli ne-Desi yizinhlobo zereferensi zokuqondisa okuvamile.
Ukuqonda izici zohlobo ngalunye kuzokusiza ukuthi ukhethe izinhlobonhlobo ezifanelana kangcono nesimo sezulu sakho, izintandokazi zakho zokupheka, kanye nezimo zengadi yakho noma insimu.
Isiphi isimo sezulu esingcono kakhulu nomhlabathi wokutshala uphizi?
- Isimo sezulu: Ama-chickpeas athanda izindawo ezifudumele nezipholile, nezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-21°C no-27°C ngesikhathi sokukhula kwawo. Zibekezelela amakhaza amaphakathi, kodwa amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-15°C angaphazamisa ukwakheka kwembali kanye ne-pod. Ukuchayeka elangeni okuqondile okungenani amahora ayisithupha ngosuku kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni.
- Phansi: Amachwane akhula kahle enhlabathini ekhanyayo, enomoya, nengenawo amanzi. Okufanelekile, i-substrate kufanele ibe ne-a ukuthungwa kwe-sandy loam, ene-pH ephakathi kuka-6,0 no-7,5 (ine-acidic kancane kuya kokungathathi hlangothi), nakuba ibekezelela kufika ku-pH 9.0 enhlabathini ene-asidi encane. Gwema inhlabathi egcwele amanzi enezinto eziphilayo ezingaboli, njengoba umswakama owedlulele kanye nokugcwala kwamanzi kungabangela izifo zezimpande.
- Ukuzala: Kutuswa ukuhlanganisa i-substrate nomquba noma umquba obole kahle ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvunda. Ama-chickpeas, njenge-legume, awadingi umanyolo we-nitrogen eyengeziwe, kodwa azuza ku-phosphorus ne-potassium ngesikhathi sokukhula kwawo.
Nini ukutshala chickpeas? Isizini ekahle nezinye izindlela
- Ukutshala uphizi kwenziwa ngokwesiko, ngasekupheleni kwebusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho ingozi yesithwathwa isidlulile futhi inhlabathi isifinyelele izinga lokushisa elincane elizinzile (7°C noma ngaphezulu). Ezindaweni ezifudumele, ukuhlwanyela kungenziwa kusenesikhathi, kuyilapho ezindaweni ezibandayo kungcono ukubambezeleka kuze kube yilapho isimo sezulu sisihle.
- Enye indlela yasekwindla: Ezindaweni ezingenaso isithwathwa esinamandla, abanye abalimi bakhetha ukuhlwanyela ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla ukuze bazuze umswakama kanye namazinga okushisa apholile, njalo begwema ukuqhakaza ngezikhathi ezibandayo.
- Ezitshalweni zasekhaya noma zasebhodweni, ukuhlwanyela kungenziwa endlini, ngemuva kokuqinisa izithombo ngaphambi kokuzihambisa ngaphandle.
Ukulungisa umhlabathi: izihluthulelo zempumelelo
Ukulungisa kahle umhlabathi kungenye yezinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa a ukutshalwa ngempumelelo kwama-chickpeas:
- Ukususwa kwemfucumfucu nokhula: Sula ukhula nezinsalela ezitshalweni zangaphambilini. Susa lonke ukhula ngasezimpandeni ukuze luvimbele ukuba lungaphinde lukhule futhi luqhudelane ngemisoco.
- Ukulinywa nokufaka umoya: Phendula kahle inhlabathi ngegeja noma ngehhala ukuze uxege inhlabathi futhi ukhuthaze ukukhula kwezimpande. Thatha leli thuba ukulinganisa umhlabathi futhi uvimbele izindawo lapho ukugcwala kwamanzi kwenzeka khona.
- Umnikelo wezinto eziphilayo: Iyahlanganiswa umquba ovuthiwe noma umquba obole kahle cishe 5 cm ukujula. Lesi sinyathelo sithuthukisa umsoco futhi sithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, kodwa kubalulekile ukugwema izinto eziphilayo ezintsha, ezingase zivundise futhi zilimaze imbewu.
- Ukunisela ngaphambili: Monisa inhlabathi kancane ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela ukuze kube lula ukuhlwanyela futhi unciphise ingozi yokugudluzwa kwembewu ngokunisela kokuqala.
Indlela yokutshala ama-chickpeas isinyathelo ngesinyathelo: izindlela eziqondile kanye ne-seedbed
- Delimit imigqa noma imisele: Sakaza imigqa ngamasentimitha angama-40 ukuya kwangu-50 ukusuka komunye nomunye. Hlwanyela ngomugqa, ushiye u-10 kuya ku-15 cm phakathi kwembewu, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo kanye nobukhulu bokugcina besitshalo.
- Ukujula nebanga: Beka imbewu ekujuleni okungama-4 kuya ku-5 cm. Uma umhlabathi ulula kakhulu futhi unesihlabathi, ungakwazi ukwandisa ukujula kancane. Gcina ibanga elingu-15 cm phakathi kwembewu kanye no-40-50 cm phakathi kwemigqa ukuze uqinisekise ukungena komoya kanye nokuvimbela izifo zesikhunta.
- Ukutshala izindunduma (uma uthanda): Emhlabathini ongenawo amanzi ahlanzekile, ungatshala ezindundumeni eziphakeme ukugwema ukugcwala kwamanzi.
- Ikhava namanzi: Vala imbewu ngenhlabathi exegayo namanzi ngobumnene ukuze kube lula ukuhluma ngaphandle kokukhipha imbewu.
Ukuhluma kweChickpea: isikhathi nezincomo
- Imbewu yechickpea ivame ukumila phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-7 neziyi-15 ngemuva kokuhlwanyela, kuye ngezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama we-substrate. Izinga lokushisa elingaguquki phakathi kuka-18°C no-25°C lisheshisa inqubo.
- Lapho izitshalo ezimbalwa zihluma endaweni eyodwa, khetha isithombo esiqinile futhi usike ezinye ezingeni eliphansi. Ungalokothi ukhiphe izitshalo ezingaphezu kwamandla ukuze ugweme ukulimaza izimpande zesitshalo esikhulu.
Izidingo zokunisela kanye namanzi zama-chickpeas
- Ama-chickpeas amelana nesomiso ngokusesilinganisweni ngenxa yezimpande zawo ezijulile. Nokho, Ukuchelela okuvamile nokulawulwayo kuzokwandisa isivuno sokusanhlamvu kanye nekhwalithi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kanye nokugcwaliswa kwe-pod.
- Gcina inhlabathi imanzi ngaphandle kwezikhukhula. Amanzi amaningi angabangela ukubola kwezimpande noma izifo zesikhunta njenge-fusarium noma i-anthracnose. Kunconywa ukuchelela nge-drip, noma, ezitshalweni zasendlini, ukunisela ngqo phansi kwesitshalo, ukugwema ukumanzisa amaqabunga nezimbali.
Ukunakekelwa okubalulekile kokutshala ama-chickpeas
- Ukutshala: Gcina umhlabathi ungenalo ukhula, ikakhulukazi ngenyanga yokuqala emva kokutshala. Ukhula lungaqhudelana ngamanzi nezakhamzimba futhi lusize ukukhula kwezinambuzane.
- Ukuvundisa: Nakuba ama-chickpeas ekwazi ukufaka i-nitrogen enhlabathini ngenxa ye-symbiosis yawo nama-bacteria (rhizobia), angase adinge ukwengezwa nge-phosphorus ne-potassium, ikakhulukazi emhlabathini ompofu. Umthamo olinganiselwe unconywa emasontweni ayisithupha emva kokutshala.
- Ukufundisa nokwesekwa: Ezitshalweni ezinezinhlobo ezinde noma ezindaweni ezinomoya, kuyalulekwa ukuthi kufakwe izigxobo noma amanetha ukuvimbela izitshalo ukuthi zingahlali.
- Izinhlangano kanye nokushintshashintsha: Ama-chickpeas ayachuma eduze kwezitshalo ezifana ne-broccoli, i-chard, isitshalo seqanda, ummbila, nekhukhamba. Gwema ukumbondelana no-anyanisi nesweli ngesizini efanayo. Kubalulekile ukulinda okungenani iminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine ngaphambi kokutshala kabusha amachwane endaweni efanayo ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwamagciwane kanye nezinambuzane emhlabathini.
Izinambuzane nezifo zeChickpea: ukuvimbela kanye nokulawulwa kwemvelo
- Ama-aphid: Izinambuzane ezimunca ubisi lwezitshalo, zenza buthaka isivuno futhi zidlulise amagciwane. Zingalawulwa ngokufaka insipho ye-potassium noma i-neem extract ngaphansi kwamaqabunga. Ukukhuthaza ukuba khona kwezitha zemvelo ezifana nama-ladybugs nakho kuyasiza.
- I-Chickpea weevil (Bruchus sp.): Ithinta imbewu kokubili ensimini nangesikhathi sokugcinwa. Gcina okusanhlamvu ezitsheni ezingangeni moya ngofulawa ukuze unciphise umoya-mpilo futhi unciphise ukukhula.
- Impukane yeChickpea (Liriomyza cicerina): Izibungu zazo zakha imipheme emaqabunga. Susa amaqabunga athintekile mathupha noma lawula inani labantu usebenzisa izicupho ezinemibala.
Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthi amachickpeas akhule futhi avuthwe?
Umjikelezo wechickpea ophelele, kusukela ekuhlwanyeleni kuya ekuvuneni, usukela Izinsuku eziyi-90 nezingama-120 kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo kanye nezimo zemvelo. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Desi zivame ukushesha (izinsuku ezingu-90-100), kanti uhlobo lwe-Kabuli lungathatha izinsuku ezingafika kweziyi-120.
Isikhathi sokukhula singashintshwa yizinto ezifana nesomiso, ukushisa okudlulele, izimvula zamuva, noma ukutshala ngaphandle kwenkathi efanele.
Kanjani futhi nini ukuvuna chickpeas?
- Isikhathi esikahle sokuvuna yilapho i- imidumba yome ngokuphelele futhi imbewu iqinile ekuthinteni. Amaqabunga esitshalo aphenduka aphuzi futhi ome. Uma ufuna ama-chickpeas amasha, ungawavuna ngaphambi kokuba ome ngokuphelele, lapho ama-pods esathambile futhi eluhlaza.
- Emapulazini asekhaya noma amancane, ukuvuna kuvame ukwenziwa ngesandla, ngokusiphula izitshalo noma ukuzisika ezingeni eliphansi. Hlanganisa izitshalo zibe izinyanda futhi uziyeke zome emthunzini nasendaweni enomoya omuhle isonto lonke ngaphambi kokukhipha.
- Ezindaweni ezinkulu, kusetshenziswa izivuni ezilungiswayo ukuze kunqandwe ukuqhekeka okusanhlamvu.
- Isitoreji: Gcina ama-chickpeas omisiwe endaweni epholile, eyomile, futhi emnyama, okungcono kakhulu ezitsheni zengilazi noma ezitsheni ezingangeni moya ukuze uvimbele izinambuzane futhi ugcine izinga lawo izinyanga.
Ukuzihlanganisa okuzuzisayo nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo
- Ama-chickpeas ayisandulela esihle kakhulu kwezinye izitshalo ngoba, nge-rhizobia ezimpandeni zawo, alungisa i-nitrogen futhi anothisa umhlabathi.
- Kunconywa ukushintshanisa ama-chickpeas nokusanhlamvu (ukolweni, oats, ibhali) noma izitshalo zomjikelezo omfushane ezifana nesipinashi, izaqathe noma ulethisi.
- Gwema ukutshala ama-chickpeas endaweni eyodwa iminyaka eminingana ilandelana ukuze uvimbele ukwakheka kwamagciwane athile kanye nezinambuzane.
Ukutshala ama-chickpeas ezimbizeni nasezingadini zasemadolobheni
- Izinhlobo ze-chickpea ezihlangene zingatshalwa ezimbizeni ezinkulu noma izitsha, inqobo nje uma zijule okungenani ngo-25-30 cm futhi zine-drainage enhle.
- Beka amabhodwe ezindaweni ezinelanga kakhulu. Sebenzisa ingxube yezimbiza ezivulekile zenhlabathi nomquba, futhi uqinisekise ukuchelela okuvamile ngaphandle kokunisela ngokweqile.
Izinzuzo zomsoco zama-chickpeas
- Umnikelo wamaprotheni emifino ikhwalithi ephezulu, ilungele ukudla kwemifino nemifino.
- Okuqukethwe okuhle ku I-fiber, ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, amavithamini B (B6, i-folic acid), i-phosphorus, i-manganese, insimbi, i-zinc ne-magnesium.
Imibono yokudla kanye nokugcina ama-chickpeas akho avuniwe
- Ngemva kokuvuna nokomiswa, amatshwele angagcinwa ezitsheni zengilazi, ezikhwameni ezingangeni moya, noma ngisho nasefrijini ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane.
- Zisebenzise unyaka wonke kusitshulu, amasaladi, i-hummus, i-casseroles, isobho, ama-veggie burgers, nezinye izindlela zokupheka eziningi.
