Umquba wezinkukhu: ukusetshenziswa, izinzuzo, kanye nezincomo zokuvundisa ngomanyolo wenkukhu

Umquba wezinkukhu ungomunye womanyolo wemvelo owaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yegalelo lawo elinamandla lezakhamzimba kanye nekhono lawo lokuthuthukisa ukwakheka komhlabathi nokuvunda.. Ivela embonini yezinkukhu namapulazi amancane afuywayo, ayo ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo nokuphephile ikhuthaza ezolimo ezisimeme kanye nezingayingeni imvelo.

Uyini ubulongwe benkukhu futhi uhluke kanjani kubulongwe benkukhu?

Umquba wenkukhu Yakhiwa ikakhulukazi indle yezinkukhu ezizalelayo, exutshwe nezinsalela zosiba, imfucumfucu yokudla futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, nezinto zokulala. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, umquba wenkukhu Iphuma ezinyonini ezihloselwe ukukhuluphaliswa, futhi ihambisana nezimpaphe, imfucuza kanye nezingubo zokulala ezisetshenziswa ekuzaleni.

• Umquba wenkukhu: Indle enqwabelene evela ezikhukhukazi ezizalelayo, kanye nezimpaphe nezinsalela zokudla.
• Umquba wenkukhu: Ubulongwe benkukhu obuxubene nezimpaphe, udoti nezinto zokulala.

Lo mehluko uyisihluthulelo, ngoba ukwakheka kanye nokusetshenziswa Ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi umquba wavelaphi, unomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwawo kwezolimo kanye nokuphathwa okudingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwawo.

Ukwakheka kanye nezakhamzimba zomquba wezinkukhu

Umquba wezinkukhu ungumanyolo onenani eliphezulu le-agronomic ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo okulinganiselayo kwama-macronutrients nama-micronutrients, kanye nomnikelo wayo wezinto eziphilayo.

• I-nitrogen (N): Phakathi kuka-1,5% no-3,5%, kubalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo okunamandla.
• I-Phosphorus (P): 1% kuya ku-3%, ukhiye ekuthuthukisweni kwezimpande nokuqhakaza.
• I-Potassium (K): 0,8% kuya ku-2%, ithuthukisa ukumelana nezinambuzane kanye nokulawulwa kwamanzi.
• Ca, Mg, S, Fe: I-calcium, i-magnesium, isulfure nensimbi, ibalulekile ezinqubweni ezibalulekile ze-biochemical.
• Izinto eziphilayo: Phakathi kuka-20% no-80%, okwandisa umthamo wokugcina amanzi kanye nokufaka umoya emhlabathini.

I-pH yayo ivamise ukuba phakathi kuka-6,5 no-8, okwenza ifaneleke kakhulu enhlabathini yezolimo. Lokhu kwakheka kungahluka kuye ngeminyaka yezinyoni, ukudla kwazo, uhlelo lokuphatha, kanye nezimo zokugcina.

Izinto ezinomthelela kwikhwalithi kanye nenani lobulongwe benkukhu

Izinga lokudla okunomsoco kanye nomthamo womquba wezinkukhu kuncike ezintweni eziningi ezihlobene:

• Ubudala benyoni: Izinyoni ezinkulu zikhiqiza ubulongwe obuningi kanye nenani eliphakeme lezakhamzimba.
• Ukudla kanye nomugqa wokukhiqizaUkudla okunomsoco kuboniswa ngokuqondile kwikhwalithi yomanyolo owumphumela.
• Ukusetshenziswa kokudla nokumosha: Inani lokudla okudliwe kanye nemfucumfucu ephelela emfucumfucwini kwandisa umsoco (ikakhulukazi initrogen) emqubeni wenkukhu.
• Ukuba khona kwezimpapheIzimpaphe zicebile nge-keratin, iphrotheni enezela i-nitrogen emqubeni.
• Ama-Condiciones ambientales: Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nomswakama kunomthelela ekwandeni kokukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia kanye nokuncipha kokugcinwa kwezakhi.
• Ukuphefumula: Ukugeleza komoya okuhle kunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-nitrogen ngokushintshashintsha.

Ngakho-ke, kuhle ukwenza a Ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri Ngaphambi kokufaka umquba wezinkukhu, ukwazi ukwakheka kwawo okuqondile futhi uchaze umthamo ofanele wokufaka isicelo, ugweme izingozi zobuthi ngenxa yokunqwabelana kosawoti noma izinsimbi ezisindayo.

Izinzuzo zomquba wezinkukhu ekuvundiseni kwezolimo

• Umnikelo wezakhi ze-NPK nama-micronutrients: Ivumela ukukhula okunempilo kwezitshalo ezinezimpande eziqinile, iziqu ezinamandla kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulu kwezithelo nezimbali.
• Ithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi: Khulisa i-porosity, ukugcinwa kwamanzi futhi kunciphisa ukuguguleka.
• Ukugqugquzela impilo ye-microbial: Ikhuthaza ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo, ithuthukisa ukutholakala kwezakhi zomzimba ezitshalweni nempilo yomhlabathi.
• Ukusimama: Ivumela ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wokwenziwa, ukukhuthaza ezolimo zemvelo.
• Ibhalansisa i-pH enhlabathini ene-asidi: I-pH yayo engathathi hlangothi noma ene-alkaline isiza ukwenza inhlabathi ene-asidi ngokweqile ibe ngcono, ithuthukise ukumuncwa kwezakhi.
• Inoculation of microorganisms ezuzisayo: Zivela ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla kwezinyoni, zisheshisa inqubo yokwenza umquba futhi zithuthukise impilo yomhlabathi.
• Yandisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ne-organic matter: Ithuthukisa amandla okugcina amanzi kanye nokuzala kwesikhathi eside.

Izinyathelo zokuqapha kanye nokubi ekusebenziseni umquba wezinkukhu

• Ingozi yomsoco oweqile: Ukugcwala kwayo initrogen ephezulu kungabangela ukusha ezimpandeni nasemaqabungeni, noma ukukhula kwamaqabunga ngokweqile kulimaza isithelo. Kubalulekile ukulungisa umthamo kanye umquba ngaphambili umquba wezinkukhu ukuze uzinzise umsoco.
• I-Amonia kanye nobuthiUmquba omusha uqukethe i-ammonia, engaba yi-phytotoxic uma isetshenziswe ngokuqondile. Ukwenza umquba kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kanye nezingozi ezihlobene.
• Ukuba khona kwemfucuza kanye nokungcola: Umquba wezinkukhu ovela emapulazini efektri ungase ube nama-antibiotics kanye nezithasiselo. Uma uyithenga, kungcono ukuyibheka umquba oqinisekisiwe kanye nemvelo.
• Amagciwane kanye nembewu yokhulaZikhona emqubeni omusha; ukwenza umquba ofanelekile kuqeda iningi lazo.

Izimpawu zomquba wenkukhu oweqile emhlabathini:

• Ukukhula kweqabunga ngokwedlulele nempilo emfushane.
• Umbala ophuzi noma onsundu wamaqabunga.
• Ukwakheka kwama-crusts angaphandle, iphunga elibi, noma ukuba khona kwesikhunta.
• Izitshalo ezibuthakathaka nokukhula okungalingani.

Indlela yokufaka kahle umquba wezinkukhu

Ukwenza umquba kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokuguqula ubulongwe benkukhu bube umanyolo ophephile futhi osebenza kahle.. Ivimbela i-phytotoxicity nezinkinga zempilo yezitshalo, futhi inciphisa iphunga elibi.

1. Qoqa umquba oxutshwe notshani, amaqabunga, noma i-sawdust ukuze ulinganise umswakama kanye nokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.
2. Yakha inqwaba engaba ngu-1 m³ ukuze uqinisekise izinga lokushisa elanele langaphakathi.
3. Vula inqwaba njalo emavikini angu-1-2 ukuze uyifake umoya-mpilo futhi uvimbele ukwakheka kwamagesi ayingozi.
4. Inqubo ingathatha phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-2 nezingu-3, kuye ngezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama.
5. Umquba usulungile uma uthola umbala onsundu omnyama, ukuthungwa okubushelelezi, kanye nephunga elisha lomhlaba. Ingayekwa ukuthi ilaphe amasonto amabili engeziwe ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo ensimini.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Izakhiwo zomquba wezinkukhu: izinzuzo, ukwakheka, nokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo emasimini nasemasimini

Izincomo zohlelo lokusebenza ngokuya ngohlobo lwesitshalo

• Izihlahla zezithelo zabantu abadala: 2 kuya ku-5 kg womquba wenkukhu ohlanganisiwe esihlahleni ngasinye, ezitshalweni ezimbili zonyaka. Ezihlahleni ezincane, umthamo wehliswa ube umkhawulo we-1 kg.
• Imifino: 0,5 kuya ku-1 kg ku-square meter yesikwele sesitshalo, kufakwa emasontweni amabili noma amathathu ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela ukulungisa umhlabathi.

Ukuqhathanisa: ubulongwe benkukhu buqhathaniswa nobunye ubulongwe

Umquba wezinkukhu uphakeme kunomunye ngenxa yokugcwala kwawo imisoco kanye nezinto eziphilayo., nakuba kufanele isetshenziswe ngokuqapha okwengeziwe:

• Ubulongwe benkomo: Ukudla okunomsoco okuphansi, okuwusizo ekwenzeni ngcono ukwakheka nokugcinwa kwamanzi.
• Umquba wamahhashi: Ikhuthaza ukungena komoya emhlabathini ohlangene, kodwa ngokuvamile iqukethe imbewu yokhula.
• Ubulongwe bezimvu nonogwaja: Kugxilwe kakhulu, kulungele inhlabathi eyomile kanye nezicelo eziqondile, ngokulandelana.

Izici ezikhethekile nokuphathwa okuzinzile

Umquba wezinkukhu uqukethe kufika ku-39% ingqikithi ye-organic carbon, amazinga aphezulu e-calcium (4,75%) kanye ne-magnesium (0,55%), kanye ne-C/N ratio engu-12,3. Lawa magugu akubeka njengomanyolo okhishwa ngokushesha onemiphumela emihle ehlala isikhathi eside emhlabathini. Ukuze ugweme ukulahlekelwa yi-nitrogen, kunconywa ukomisa umquba wezinkukhu emthunzini.

Ukuze kuzuzwe ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, kunconywa ukuhlanganisa umquba wezinkukhu ezinhlelweni zomnotho eziyindilinga, ukubuyisela umsoco phakathi kwezinkukhu nokukhiqizwa kwezolimo kanye nokunciphisa ukuthembela kumanyolo okwenziwa.

Khetha i- umquba wezinkukhu njengomanyolo wemvelo Ingenye yezinketho ezisimeme futhi ezisebenzayo zokuthuthukisa ukuvunda komhlabathi nempilo, ukwandisa isivuno sezitshalo, kanye nokulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwawo okuphezulu kwezakhamzimba kanye neqhaza lawo ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi, umquba wezinkukhu uyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile kwezolimo eziphilayo nezivamile. Ngokusebenzisa ukuphatha okuhle kanye nemikhuba yokwenza umquba, iba yithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuvuselela ezolimo kanye nokukhiqizwa kokudla okunempilo.