Yini umanyolo nomanyolo?
Umquba nomquba amagama ayisisekelo ekudleni kwezitshalo futhi, nakuba evame ukudideka, anomehluko ophawulekayo kuzo zombili ukwakheka njengakubo Aplicación kanye nemiphumela emhlabathini nasezitshalweni.
Inhloso yayo yomibili imikhiqizo inothisa izwe Ukuhlinzeka ngemisoco ebalulekile ekhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, imvelaphi yazo, izindlela zokwenza, izethulo, kanye nomthelela ohlelweni lwezemvelo ziyazihlukanisa, futhi lokhu kubalulekile ekuphathweni kwezolimo okuphumelelayo nokusimeme, ukulima, nesimu yezithelo.
Umehluko obalulekile phakathi komquba nomanyolo
Zombili zenza umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa ukuvunda komhlabathi nokuhlinzeka ngemisoco ezitshalweni, kodwa Umehluko wabo ugxile emsuka, ukwakheka, isivinini sesenzo kanye nomthelela wendawo:
- Origen: I Umanyolo zivela ikakhulukazi imithombo yemvelo nezemvelo, njengezinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane; Umanyolo ngokuvamile imvelaphi yamakhemikhali, amaminerali noma okokwenziwa, nakuba kukhona umanyolo owenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo.
- Ukwakheka: Umquba ugcwele kakhulu kuma-micronutrients, izinto eziphilayo, kanye nama-microorganisms anenzuzo. Umanyolo wakhiwe ngama-macro- kanye nama-micronutrients athile (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium, phakathi kokunye) ngokugxila okuchaziwe futhi kungenziwa ngendlela efanele izidingo ezithile.
- Isivinini sesenzo: Umanyolo ukhulula imisoco ifomu elihamba kancane neliqhubekayo njengoba zibola emhlabathini. Ama-fertilizer ngokuvamile anesenzo ngokushesha futhi okuqondiswe kakhulu, yingakho zisetshenziswa uma kukhona ukushiyeka okuthile noma izidingo ezisheshayo.
- Umthelela wezemvelo: Umquba, ngokuba ngokwemvelo, uthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi futhi unciphise ubungozi bokungcola. Umanyolo wamakhemikhali, uma usetshenziswe ngokweqile, ungenza umhlabathi ube ne-asidi, ungcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, futhi uthinte isayensi yezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi.
Umanyolo: izinhlobo, izinzuzo kanye nokusetshenziswa
I-Los Umanyolo Zichazwa njengezinto zemvelaphi yezitshalo noma zezilwane ezifakwa emhlabathini ukuze ukwandisa imisoco yayo, ithuthukise ukwakheka kwayo futhi ithuthukise umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayoZiyisisekelo sokuzala kwemvelo futhi zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana:
- Umquba: Iphuma ezilwaneni ezidla utshani (izinkomo, amahhashi, izimvu, izinkukhu). Inothile ngezinto eziphilayo kanye nezakhamzimba ezifana ne-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium, i-calcium, ne-magnesium. Kubalulekile ukufaka umquba olaphelwe kahle noma ofakwe umquba ukuvimbela ukuba khona kwamagciwane kanye nembewu yokhula.
- umquba: Umkhiqizo wokubola kwe-aerobic kadoti wasekhaya, wezolimo, kanye nezitshalo. Iqukethe izinga eliphezulu lokuhlukahluka kwamagciwane kanye nama-micronutrients abalulekile.
- Umquba Wenkukhu kanye neGuanoUmquba wezinkukhu yindle yezinkukhu, egxile kakhulu kwizakhamzimba ezifana nesulphur, calcium, kanye nephosphorus. I-Guano, evela ezinyonini zasolwandle noma kumalulwane, ingomunye womanyolo ophelele nobalulekile ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium.
- I-Earthworm humus: Yaziwa nangokuthi i-vermicompost. Kuvela ohlelweni lokugayeka kokudla okuphilayo yizikelemu, ikakhulukazi Eisenia foetida, ukukhiqiza umanyolo ocebe ngokwedlulele othathwa kalula yizitshalo. Ikhuthaza ukumila kwezimpande, ithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, futhi ivikele kuma-pathogens.
- Ubulongwe obuluhlaza: Lokhu kuhilela ukutshala izinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhula ngokushesha (imidumba, utshani, imifino ye-cruciferous) futhi, ngaphambi kokuba ziqhakaze ngokugcwele, zisikwe futhi uzifake enhlabathini njengezinto eziphilayo ezintsha. Balungisa i-nitrogen, bathuthukise isakhiwo, bavimbele ukuguguleka, futhi banikeze kancane kancane imisoco.
- Bokashi: Umanyolo ovutshiwe owenziwe ngomquba wenkukhu, amakhoba elayisi, inhlabathi ehlungiwe, amalahle, ama-molasses nezinye izithako, ukusheshisa ukubola nokuqinisa inhlabathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izingadi eziningi zisebenzisa izinsalela zasekhishini, amaqabunga omisiwe, izindawo zekhofi, nemfucumfucu yokusika imifino ukuze kunothise umquba wazo, kuvale umjikelezo wezakhi.
Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa umanyolo
- Bathanda ukwakheka komhlabathi ngokwandisa i-porosity yayo, amandla okugcina amanzi kanye nokufaka umoya.
- Bakhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwe-microbial biodiversity, kubalulekile ekukhuleni kwesitshalo okunempilo.
- Banciphisa ukuncika kumakhemikhali kanye nokufaka isandla kwezolimo ezisimeme.
- Bandisa okuqukethwe kwe-organic matter kanye nokugcinwa kwezakhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Umquba: izinhlobo, izicelo kanye nezici
I-Los Umanyolo Kuyimikhiqizo eyakhelwe hlinzeka ngemisoco ethile izitshalo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zinazo zonke izakhi ezibalulekile ngesikhathi esifanele nangenani elifanele. Angahlukaniswa ngokuya ngemvelaphi yawo, ukwakheka, kanye nendlela yokwenza:
- Umanyolo we-inorganic noma wamakhemikhali: Lawa usawoti wamaminerali akhiqizwa ezimbonini aqukethe izakhi ezibalulekile (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium - i-NPK) futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, ama-micronutrients (i-magnesium, i-calcium, i-boron, i-zinc, insimbi, njll.). Atholakala ngamafomu ancibilikayo, aphuma ngokushesha, akhishwa okulawulwayo, acwebile, noma aketshezi.
- Umanyolo wemveloNakuba igama elithi "umanyolo" livame ukuhlotshaniswa nemikhiqizo yokwenziwa, kukhona futhi umanyolo wemvelo okhiqizwayo, onjengama-seaweed extracts, ama-slurries ezitshalo (i-comfrey slurry, i-nettle slurry, njll.), kanye namalungiselelo omquba oketshezi. Ungakwazi ukuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwazo ngamasu okuvundisa okungokwemvelo ukuze uthuthukise imiphumela, njengaku khuthaza ukusetshenziswa komanyolo owenziwe ekhaya.
- Ama-fertilizer alula futhi ahlanganisiwe: Owokuqala uqukethe isakhi esisodwa (isb., i-urea ye-nitrogen), kuyilapho lesi sakamuva sihlanganisa izakhamzimba ezimbalwa (i-NPK) ngezilinganiso ezivumelaniswe nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo nezitshalo.
Izinhlobo zikamanyolo ngokuya ngesitshalo noma isidingo
- Okwe-cacti nama-succulents: Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen ephansi kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-potassium ne-magnesium ukuvimbela ukukhula ngokweqile nokuqinisekisa amandla ezicubu.
- Okwezitshalo eziqhakazayo: Ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen ne-potassium ukuze kugqugquzele ukuqhakaza nokukhula kwamaqabunga.
- Okwezihlahla zesundu nezihlahla ze-acidophilic: Izilinganiso ezithile ze-NPK nama-micronutrients alungiselwe izidingo zalezi zinhlobo (isibonelo, 7-3-6 wezihlahla zesundu kanye no-6-5-8 we-acidophilic, ephelezelwa insimbi esimweni sakamuva).
- Okwe-bonsai: Imithamo ephansi kanye nezilinganiso ezithile zomsoco, ukugwema ukweqisa ukugwema ukushintsha ibhalansi yezitshalo ezimbizeni ezincane.
Izinzuzo kanye nezingozi zikamanyolo
- Bavumela ukulawula okunembile kumithamo kanye nezikhathi zokusetshenziswa, ukulungisa iminikelo esigabeni sokuphila kanye nezinhlobo zezitshalo.
- Ukulungisa ngokushesha yokushoda kokudla okunomsoco, okubalulekile ezitshalweni ezinesivuno esikhulu noma izitshalo ezifakwa emabhodweni lapho ukonga izakhi kulinganiselwe.
- Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okungenzeka: Ukusetshenziswa okungafanele noma ngokweqile kungasheshisa ukucwiliswa kwezakhi, kungcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nemifula, kuguqule i-pH futhi kunciphise ukuvunda kwebhayoloji yomhlabathi.
- Abanazo izinto eziphilayo ngakho-ke ungathuthukisi ukwakheka noma impilo yomhlabathi.
Ukwakhiwa nokulebula: I-NPK nangale kwalokho
Ilebula lanoma yimuphi umanyolo libonisa ukunotha kwemisoco eyinhloko, evezwe ngezinombolo ezintathu ezihambisana nalokhu:
- NI-nitrogen (ukukhula kwemifino, amaqabunga neziqu)
- PI-Phosphorus (ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande, ukuqhakaza nezithelo)
- K: I-Potassium (ukuvikela ezifweni nasekucindezelekeni, izinga lezithelo kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu)
Umanyolo unganikeza nama-micronutrients kanye nezithako ezifana nensimbi, i-magnesium, i-calcium, i-zinc, isulfure, noma i-boron, kuye ngezidingo zesitshalo. Ukuze uthole ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu, sincoma ukuthi uxhumane nathi umhlahlandlela kamanyolo.
En los Umanyolo, ukubunjwa kuhluke kakhulu, kunqunywa imvelaphi yayo kanye nenqubo yokwenza umquba, kodwa bahlala befaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni okuphelele kanye nomsebenzi we-microbial.
Izindlela zokufaka isicelo kanye nezincomo ezisebenzayo
La indlela yokufaka umquba nomquba Kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomkhiqizo, isivuno, kanye nesimo senhlabathi noma i-substrate. Nazi izincomo ezibaluleke kakhulu:
- umanyolo oqinile: Zihlakazeka emhlabathini, zixutshwe ku-substrate, noma zigqitshwe ezindaweni eziseduze nezimpande ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela noma ukutshala. Ukukhishwa kwezakhi kuhamba kancane futhi kuhamba kancane, kulungele izitshalo zesikhathi eside nezingadi zasekhaya.
- Umanyolo owuketshezi noma itiye lomquba: Asetshenziswa ngokunisela ukuze kube nomphumela osheshayo, okhuthaza ukuzalaniswa kwama-microbial colonization kanye nokuhlanganisa izakhi ezigabeni ezibucayi zesitshalo.
- Umanyolo wamakhemikhali: Ngokuvamile zihlanjululwa emanzini okunisela ngokuvumelana neziqondiso zomenzi futhi zisetshenziswe phakathi nesigaba sokukhula esisebenzayo. Kubalulekile ukunamathela kumithamo ukuze ugweme ukuzala ngokweqile, ubuthi, nokulimala kwezimpande.
- Izilinganiso zohlelo lokusebenzaImvamisa nesikhathi esiqondile sincike ohlotsheni lwezilwane, isigaba sezitshalo, isimo sezulu, kanye nokwakheka komkhiqizo. Ezinye izitshalo ezinzima zidinga ukuvundiswa njalo, kanti ezinye zikhula kahle ngokuvundiswa kwentwasahlobo eyodwa. Kuhlale kubalulekile ukubonana nezicaciso zobuchwepheshe zesitshalo kanye nezidingo zesitshalo ngasinye.
Iphutha elikhulu elivamile ukuvundisa ngokweqile noma ukufaka umanyolo owedlulele ucabanga ukuthi izitshalo zizokhula ngokushesha, kuyilapho empeleni zingandisa ukungenwa yizifo, ukusha kwamahlamvu o intuthuko embi.
Ubulongwe nomanyolo: izinzuzo ezihlangene kanye nezinqubo zemvelo
Umkhuba wamanje, kokubili kwezolimo ezichwepheshile kanye ne-horticulture noma ingadi yasekhaya, i hlanganisa umanyolo we-organic kanye nomanyolo ukuze uthole okuhle kakhulu kuyo yomibili imihlaba:
- Umanyolo we-organic Ithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi nokuphila, ihlinzeka ngezinto eziphilayo futhi ikhiphe imisoco kancane, igcine ukuvunda kwesikhathi eside.
- umanyolo ilungisa ukusilela okuthile futhi iqinisekise imisoco ebalulekile uma ukukhula kwesitshalo kukudinga.
Le nhlanganisela, ehambisana nokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi ngezikhathi ezithile nokunaka izigaba zomjikelezo wezitshalo, kuphumela ezitshalweni ezinempilo, ezisimeme, nezikhiqiza kakhulu.
Imithelela kanye nokusimama kwemvelo
Ukusebenzisa umanyolo kanye nobulongwe ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ukongiwa kwemvelo:
- Umanyolo wemvelo kanye nemvelo Banciphisa umkhondo wemvelo, bavimbele ukungcoliswa kwamanzi futhi bakhuthaze ukuhlukahluka kwe-microbial biodiversity.
- Umanyolo wamakhemikhaliUma zisetshenziswa ngokungalawuleki, zingashintsha i-pH, zifake usawoti enhlabathini futhi zibangele ukungcoliswa okusakazekile kanye ne-eutrophication yemithombo yamanzi, ukulimaza imvelo kanye nokubeka engozini impilo yabantu neyezilwane.
- Ukulima kwe-organic and regenerative kubeka phambili ukusetshenziswa komanyolo kanye namasu okwenza umquba, ukujikeleza, kanye nezitshalo zokumboza, ukugcina ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wezimboni kuphela ezimweni lapho kungenakwenzeka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ngenye indlela.
Ibhalansi phakathi kwemikhiqizo yomibili ibalulekile ekugcineni umkhiqizo wezolimo kanye nokuvikela imvelo.
Amaphutha nezincomo lapho ukhetha umanyolo
Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele lukamanyolo kubalulekile empumelelweni yanoma yikuphi ukutshala:
- Akuzona zonke izilimo ezidinga into efanayo: Njalo nquma izidingo ezithile zokudla okunomsoco zohlobo ngalunye noma uhlobo.
- Gwema ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile komanyolo wamakhemikhali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba zenza umhlabathi ube mpofu futhi zingabangela ukuncika nokungalingani.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwama-fertilizer amasha (njengomquba osanda kumbiwa) ungaba yingozi ngenxa yamagciwane noma ukubola okungekuhle. Hlala ukhetha ukwenza umquba wangaphambili.
- Funda ilebula bese ulandela imiyalelo yomkhiqizi. ukugwema ama-overdose kanye nokulimala kwesibambiso.
- Cabangela umjikelezo wezitshalo zezitshalo zakho kanye nezidingo zazo esigabeni ngasinye (ukuhluma, ukukhula, ukuqhakaza, ukuthela, ukulala).
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nomanyolo kanye nobulongwe
- Ingabe umquba kanye nomanyolo kungasetshenziswa ndawonye? Yebo, empeleni, inketho engcono kakhulu: umquba uthuthukisa umhlabathi futhi unikeze imisoco yesikhathi eside, kuyilapho umanyolo uhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile noma kanye.
- Kufanele ngifake nini isicelo esisodwa noma esinye? Umquba uvame ukusetshenziswa lapho kulungiswa inhlabathi, ekwindla noma entwasahlobo, futhi umanyolo usetshenziswa ngezigaba ezithile zokukhula noma ukushoda.
- Imuphi umanyolo olungele isitshalo ngasinye? Kuya ngezinhlobo, kodwa umquba kanye nezikelemu kulungele izitshalo eziningi, umquba wezitshalo ezidingeka kakhulu, kanye nobulongwe obuluhlaza bokuvuselela inhlabathi phakathi nokuvuna.
- Yiziphi izingozi zokuvundisa ngokweqile? Ukulimala kwezimpande, ukushiswa kwamaqabunga, ukungalingani kwezakhi, ukulahlekelwa amagciwane anenzuzo, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, nokuncipha kwekhwalithi yezitshalo.
- Ingabe umanyolo ungaba yi-organic? Yebo, uma zivela emithonjeni yemvelo eqinisekisiwe noma zitholwa ngezinqubo zemvelo, njengezikhishwe zezimila zasolwandle, umquba owuketshezi, njll.
- Uyini umehluko phakathi kukamanyolo nezakhamzimba? Umanyolo uwumkhiqizo ohlinzeka ngemisoco. Izakhamzimba yizici ezidingwa isitshalo ukuze sikhule.
